Environment

APES Articles: China's Acid Rain Control Strategy Offset By Increased Nitrogen Oxide Air Pollution http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091014122054.htm U.N. Says Lag in Confronting Climate Woes Will Be Costly http://www.nytimes.com/pages/science/earth/ Toxic Mercury Pollution May Rise with Arctic Meltdown http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=toxic-mercury-pollution-may-rise-with-arctic-meltdown Undersea Freshwater Reserves Could Quench the World?s Thirst for Decades http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2013/12/06/freshwater-reserves-quench-worlds-thirst-decades/ Natural Gas Pipeline Leaks Across Washington, DC http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es404474x Puzzling moose deaths hint at climate shock to forests

Oceans Oceanography Study of the physical ocean Cover 71% of the Earth Contains 97% of its surface water Marine Ecosystems Cover 70% of the Earth?s surface Essential for: Biodiversity, Terrestrial Health, Production of O2, Climate and Food. Estuaries Coastal Partly enclosed One or more rivers flow into them Water is brackish (a mixture of fresh and salt water) Estuaries are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth Makes lots of biomass Lots of plant growth/m2 A lot of life in the area Nurseries for fish, crustaceans and vertebrates Services Aquatic nurseries Protected harbors Commercial Fishing, Recreational Fishing Habitat for non-aquatic animals, such as bald eagles, shorebirds Threats Many near populated areas May be filled for development Pollutants

Water Pollution The contamination of some body of water due to human activity that has some type of negative impact on organisms Point Sources: Distinct locations that pump waste into a waterway (you can point to it. Ex; This pipeline is leaking waste) Located at specific places Easy to identify, monitor, and regulate Non-Point Sources: different areas such as an entire farming region that pollutes a waterway (The bottle that?s floating in the ocean) Broad, diffuse areas Difficult to identify and control Expensive to clean up Human Wastewater Water produced by human activities such as human sewage from toilets and gray water from bathing and washing clothes our dishes Bacteria in wastewater sucks out the oxygen in it

Biodiversity Biodiversity is the variety of life on earth and the essential interdependence of all living things Scientists have identified more often than 1.4 million species. Millions remain unknown. Indicators Species Indicator species serve as early warning of damage to a community Birds and butterflies are migratory and are excellent indicators of the environment Amphibians are vanishing rapidly Global climate change Dehydration weakens amphibians Intro of non-native predatory fish into aquatic habitats Pollution Consume insects that have pollutants Keystone Species A keystone species holds a community together Lacey Act One of the earliest laws in the US to control the trade of wildlife (JUST US LAW) Endangered Species Act Protects endangered species

TRINI SOZA, 5h PERIOD. Chapter 4 ? pgs 88-98, pgs 108-112 MC 1-5, 11 FRQ #1 Chapter 14 ? pgs 381-185,, 194-202 FRQ # 1, 2 pg. 390 Global processes determine weather and climate Weather includes temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, wind speed and atmospheric pressure Climate means the average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time Northern areas and South Poles are colder than those closer to the equator Areas at high elevations are colder than areas in lower elevation Areas near the equator receive tremendous amounts of rain Regions at latitudes around 30 degrees N and S receive very little rain Differences in temperature and precipitation determine which organisms can survive in specific areas