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Chemistry

Plastic Test Lab Report Chemistry

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Chemistry
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Plastics
Chemistry
Polyolefins
Manufacturing
Matter
Dielectrics
Commodity chemicals
Thermoplastics
Polyethylene
High-density polyethylene
Plastic
Low-density polyethylene

PLASTICS? ?LAB? ?REPORT Objective:?? ?To? ?investigate? ?properties? ?of? ?plastics? ?using? ?acetone, ? ?water,? ?oil,? ?alcohol,? ?and? ?the? ?copper wire ? ?flame? ?test. Research: Plastic ? ?#1-?Polyethylene? ?terephthalate? ?(PET? ?or? ?PETE? ?or? ?polyester)?? ??goes? ?toward? ?textile manufacturing.? ?It ? ?is? ?a ? ?popular? ?plastic? ?for? ?food? ?and? ?drink? ?packaging? ?purposes? ?because? ?of? ?its? ?strong ability? ?to? ?create? ?a? ?liquid? ?and? ?gas? ?barrier? ?to? ?prevent? ?oxygen? ?from ? ?getting? ?in? ?and? ?spoiling? ?the product.. ? ?Some? ?properties? ?include?:light? ?weight, ? ?clear, ? ?strong, ? ?tough,? ?effective? ?barrier? ?for? ?liquid and? ?gas.? ?The? ?structural ? ?formula? ?for? ?PET? ?is? ?(C? 10? H? 8? O? 4? )? n.

Chapter 1.2 Outline

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Nature
Chemical elements
Condensed matter physics
Chemical substance
General chemistry
Chemical compound
Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
Mixture
Solution
Gas
Liquid

Matter Classified by? Physical State (Gas/ Liquid/ Solid) Composition (Element/ Compound/ Mixture) States of Matter Gas (vapor) No fixed volume or shape Uniformly fills its container Can be compressed to occupy a smaller volume Can be expanded to occupy a larger volume Molecules are far apart, move quickly, and often collide with the surrounding container Liquid Distinct volume (independent of container) No fixed shape (assumes shape of occupied container) Can't be compressed Molecules are packed closely but can still move (they flow over each other, reducing viscosity Solid Definite shape and definite volume Can't be compressed Molecules have fixed positions an wiggle only slightly *Temperature and pressure changes lead to phase changes of the substance

Chapter 1.3 Outline

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Nature
Phase transitions
Mixture
Chemical substance
Chromatography
Solid
Distillation
Melting
Physical change
Characteristic property

Properties can be? Physical - can be observed without changing identity or composition of the substance Ex. Color, odor, Density, Melting Point, Boiling Point, Hardness Chemical - describe the way a substance may change or react to form other substances Ex. Flammability - the ability of a substance to burn in the presence of oxygen Intensive - do not depend on the amount of sample being examined Help to identify substances Ex. Temperature, melting point Extensive - Depend on the amount of sample Help to show quantity of a substance Ex. Mass, volume Physical and Chemical Changes Physical Change - substance changes its physical appearance, but not its composition Changes of state are physical changes Chemical Change - substance changes into a chemically different substance

Organic Chemistry Lecture 19b

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Organic chemistry
Functional groups
Name reactions
Substitution reactions
Amine
Amide
Amination
Imine
Nitrile
Sulfonamide
Aniline

Chapter 19 * Alkylation of Amines by Alkyl Halides Even if just one equivalent of the halide is added, some amine molecules will react once, some will react twice, and some will react three times (to give the tetraalkylammonium salt). Chapter 19 * Examples of Useful Alkylations Exhaustive alkylation to form the tetraalkylammonium salt. Reaction with large excess of NH3 to form the primary amine. C H 3 C H 2 C H C H 2 C H 2 C H 3 N ( C H 3 ) 3 C H 3 C H 2 C H C H 2 C H 2 C H 3 N H 2 3 C H 3 I N a H C O 3 + _ I C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 B r N H 3 ( x s ) C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 N H 2 + N H 4 B r Chapter 19 Chapter 19 * Acylation of Amines Primary and secondary amines react with acid halides to form amides. This reaction is a nucleophilic acyl substitution. Chapter 19 *

Organic Chemistry Lecture 23

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Carbohydrate chemistry
Carbohydrates
Sugar substitutes
Nutrition
Stereochemistry
Carbohydrate
Anomer
Glucose
Reducing sugar
Monosaccharide
Aldonic acid

Chapter 23 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids Chapter 23 * Carbohydrates Synthesized by plants using sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O to glucose and O2. Polymers include starch and cellulose. Starch is a storage unit for solar energy. Most sugars have formula Cn(H2O)n, ?hydrate of carbon.? Chapter 23 Chapter 23 * Classification of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides or simple sugars: polyhydroxyaldehydes or aldoses polyhydroxyketones or ketoses Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides hydrolyze to many monosaccharide units. For example, starch and cellulose have > 1000 glucose units. Chapter 23 Chapter 23 * Monosaccharides Classified using three criteria:

Organic Chemistry Lecture 20

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Organic chemistry
Functional groups
Carboxylic acid
Nucleophilic acyl substitution
Ester
Acid
Fischer–Speier esterification
Acyl chloride
Alcohol
Ketone
Carbonyl group

Chapter 20 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Carboxylic Acids Chapter 20 * Introduction The functional group of carboxylic acids consists of a C?O with ?OH bonded to the same carbon. Carboxyl group is usually written ?COOH. Aliphatic acids have an alkyl group bonded to ?COOH. Aromatic acids have an aryl group. Fatty acids are long-chain aliphatic acids. Chapter 20 Chapter 20 * Common Names Many aliphatic acids have historical names. Positions of substituents on the chain are labeled with Greek letters starting at the carbon attached to the carboxylic carbon. Chapter 20 Chapter 20 * IUPAC Names Remove the final -e from alkane name, add the ending -oic acid. The carbon of the carboxyl group is #1. Chapter 20 Chapter 20 * Unsaturated Acids

Organic Chemistry Lecture 19b

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Organic chemistry
Functional groups
Substitution reactions
Markovnikov's rule
Nucleophilic substitution
Alkene
Electrophile
Haloalkane
Amine
Nucleophilic acyl substitution
Amide
Chapter 8 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Reactions of Alkenes Chapter 8 * Bonding in Alkenes Electrons in pi bond are loosely held. The double bond acts as a nucleophile attacking electrophilic species. Carbocations are intermediates in the reactions. These reactions are called electrophilic additions. Chapter 8 Chapter 8 * Electrophilic Addition Step 1: Pi electrons attack the electrophile. Step 2: Nucleophile attacks the carbocation. Chapter 8 Chapter 8 * Types of Additions Chapter 8 Chapter 8 * Addition of HX to Alkenes Step 1 is the protonation of the double bond. The protonation step forms the most stable carbocation possible. In step 2, the nucleophile attacks the carbocation, forming an alkyl halide.

Organic Chemistry Lecture 19a

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Organic chemistry
Functional groups
Amine
Pyrrole
Pyridine
Nitrogen inversion
Electrophilic aromatic substitution
Heterocyclic amine
Ammonium
Lone pair
Oxaziridine

Chapter 19 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Amines Chapter 19 * Biologically Active Amines The alkaloids are an important group of biologically active amines, mostly synthesized by plants to protect them from being eaten by insects and other animals. Many drugs of addiction are classified as alkaloids. Chapter 19 * Biological Activity of Amines Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. Epinephrine is a bioregulator. Niacin, Vitamin B6, is an amine. Alkaloids: nicotine, morphine, cocaine Amino acids Chapter 19 Chapter 19 * Classes of Amines Primary (1?): Has one alkyl group bonded to the nitrogen (RNH2). Secondary (2?): Has two alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen (R2NH). Tertiary (3?): Has three alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen (R3N).

Organic Chemistry Lecture 15

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Chemical bonding
Functional groups
Name reactions
Diels–Alder reaction
Diene
Physical organic chemistry
Quantum chemistry
Antibonding molecular orbital
Allyl group
Conjugated system
Alkene

Chapter 15 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Chaper 15 * Conjugated Systems Conjugated double bonds are separated by one single bond. Isolated double bonds are separated by two or more single bonds. Conjugated double bonds are more stable than isolated ones. Chaper 15 Chaper 15 * Heat of Hydrogenation of Conjugated Bonds For conjugated double bonds, the heat of hydrogenation is less than the sum for the individual double bonds. The more stable the compound, the less heat released during hydrogenation, Conjugated double bonds have extra stability. Chaper 15 Chaper 15 * Relative Stabilities twice 1-pentene more substituted Chaper 15 Chaper 15 * Structure of 1,3-Butadiene

Organic Chemistry Lecture 19

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Organic chemistry
Functional groups
Amine
Amide
Gabriel synthesis
Nitrile
Imine
Amination
Sulfonamide
Hofmann elimination
Ammonium

Chapter 19 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Amines Chapter 19 * Biologically Active Amines The alkaloids are an important group of biologically active amines, mostly synthesized by plants to protect them from being eaten by insects and other animals. Many drugs of addiction are classified as alkaloids. Chapter 19 Chapter 19 * Biological Activity of Amines Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. Epinephrine is a bioregulator. Niacin, Vitamin B6, is an amine. Alkaloids: nicotine, morphine, cocaine Amino acids Chapter 19 Chapter 19 * Classes of Amines Primary (1?): Has one alkyl group bonded to the nitrogen (RNH2). Secondary (2?): Has two alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen (R2NH). Tertiary (3?): Has three alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen (R3N).

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