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Genetics

AP Bio_chromosomal_basis_of_inheritance

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Chromosomes
Classical genetics
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Genetic linkage
Sex chromosome
Homologous chromosome
Mendelian inheritance
Genetic recombination
Sex linkage

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Locating Genes Along Chromosomes ( 15.1) * Mendel?s ?hereditary factors? were purely abstract when first proposed * Today, we can show that the factors?genes?are located on chromosomes * The location of a particular gene can be seen by tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent dye that highlights the gene * Cytologists worked out the process of mitosis in 1875 and meiosis in the 1890s using improved techniques of microscopy * Biologists began to see parallels between the behavior of Mendel?s proposed hereditary factors and chromosomes * Around 1902, Sutton and Boveri and others independently noted these parallels and began to develop the chromosome theory of inheritance 15.2

AP Bio_pedigree_analysis_and_genetic_diseases

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Genetics
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Classical genetics
RTT
Medical genetics
Dominance
Sickle cell trait
Population genetics
Sickle cell disease
Genetic disorder
Lethal allele
Mendelian inheritance

Pedigree Analysis * A pedigree is a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations * Inheritance patterns of particular traits can be traced and described using pedigrees * Pedigrees can also be used to make predictions about future offspring * We can use the multiplication and addition rules to predict the probability of specific phenotypes Recessively Inherited Disorders * Many genetic disorders are inherited in a recessive manner * These range from relatively mild to life-threatening The Behavior of Recessive Alleles * Recessively inherited disorders show up only in individuals homozygous for the allele * Carriers are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal

AP Bio_genetic_probabilities_and_mendels_laws

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Classical genetics
Mendelian inheritance
Punnett square
Dominance
Monohybrid cross
Phenotypic trait
Polygene
Genotype
Pleiotropy
Heredity

Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance * Mendel?s laws of segregation and independent assortment reflect the rules of probability * When tossing a coin, the outcome of one toss has no impact on the outcome of the next toss * In the same way, the alleles of one gene segregate into gametes independently of another gene?s alleles The Multiplication and Addition Rules Applied to Monohybrid Crosses Figure 14.9 * The multiplication rule states that the probability that 2 or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities * Probability in an F1 monohybrid cross can be determined using the multiplication rule

AP Biomenedels_gene

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Biology
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Genetics
Biology
Classical genetics
Monohybrid cross
Mendelian inheritance
Dominance
Test cross
Allele
Zygosity
Genotype
F1 hybrid
Punnett square

Mendel and the Gene Idea Drawing from the Deck of Genes * What principles account for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring? * The ?blending? hypothesis is the idea that genetic material from the two parents blends together (like blue and yellow paint blend to make green) * The ?particulate? hypothesis is the idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes) * Mendel documented a particulate mechanism through his experiments with garden peas Concept 14.1: Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance * Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments Mendel?s Experimental, Quantitative Approach

AP Bio_genetic_variation

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Biology
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Fertility
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Classical genetics
Cellular processes
Molecular genetics
Meiosis
Genetic variation
Ploidy
Homologous chromosome
Sex

Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution * Mutations (changes in an organism?s DNA) are the original source of genetic diversity * Mutations create different versions of genes called alleles * Reshuffling of alleles during sexual reproduction produces genetic variation Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring * The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization is responsible for most of the variation that arises in each generation * Three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation: ? Independent assortment of chromosomes ? Crossing over ? Random fertilization Independent Assortment of Chromosomes * Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase I of meiosis

AP Bio_Cell division

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Developmental biology
Meiosis
Ploidy
Gamete
Alternation of generations
Sex

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Variations on a Theme * Offspring resemble their parents more than they do unrelated individuals * Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next * Variation is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings * Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes * In a literal sense, children do not inherit particular physical traits from their parents * It is genes that are actually inherited Inheritance of Genes * Genes are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA * Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs)

Living Environment - Genetics Review

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Gene
Introduction to genetics
Mutation
DNA
Homologous chromosome
Dominance
Heredity
Evolution
Phenotypic trait
Mendelian inheritance

The Living Environment The study of organisms and their interactions with the environment. Topics Unit 1: Ecology Unit 2: The Cell Unit 3: Genetics Unit 4: History of Biological Diversity Unit 5: The Human Body GENETICS The science of heredity and the study of how traits are passed on from generation to generation. Mendelian Genetics: How Genetics Began Commonly referred to as the ?father of modern genetics? Gregor Mendel, born in 1822 in what is now the Czech Republic, published the first known findings of heredity in 1866. His primary findings were based on the study of pea plants during his 14 year tenure as an Austrian monk in charge of the monastery garden. Mendelian Genetics

Ap bio Organic Chemistry ppt

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Chemistry
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Nature
Molecular biology
Genetics
Biotechnology
Polymer chemistry
Biochemistry
Backbone chain
Nucleic acid
Biomolecule
Metabolism

Organic Compounds The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Biological Molecules The study of carbon compounds, organic chemistry, focuses on any compound with carbon (organic compounds) Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter from inorganic material are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to atoms of other elements Carbon Atoms Carbon is building block of molecules Carbon has 4 valence electrons Can form 4 covalent bonds Tetravalence by carbon makes large, complex molecules possible Carbon Skeletons Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules The skeletons may vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings. The carbon skeletons may include double bonds.

Ch 13 Study Guide

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Biology
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Cell biology
Genetics
Molecular genetics
Cell cycle
Chromosomes
Cellular processes
Cytogenetics
Meiosis
Homologous chromosome
Chromatid
Cell division

Copyright ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. -1- Name__________________________Period___________ Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let?s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene: A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses) locus: A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located gamete: A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. male gamete: Sperm female gamete: Eggs

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