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Messenger RNA

ps 2.3

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Biology
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Biology
Gene expression
Genetics
Molecular biology
RNA
Protein biosynthesis
Translation
Nucleic acid sequence
Messenger RNA
Gene
DNA
Transcription

Practice Problems for Molecular Biology, Session 3: Transcription, Translation ? ? Question 1 ? ? Fill in the table: ? Transcription Translation Where does this process occur in a eukaryotic cell? ? ? What is the enzyme that carries out this process? ? ? What is the template that is read during this process? ? ? In what direction is the template read? ? ? What is the start signal/sequence for this process? ? ? What is the polymer that is formed? ? ? What monomer is used to form this polymer? ? ? What type of bond is formed between monomers? ? ? In what direction is the new polymer formed? ? ? What is the stop signal/sequence for this process? ? ?

bio diagram

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Biology
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Gene expression
Biology
biochemistry
Lac operon
Activator
Repressor
Lac repressor
Operator
Operon
Promoter
Regulation of gene expression
Messenger RNA

glucose lactose operator (repressor binding site) PromoterZYA lacZ lacY lacAcrp lacI repressor active activator inactive PromoterIPromotercrp + - mRNA mRNA activator binding site polymerase RNA polymerase RNA operator (repressor binding site) PromoterZYA lacZ lacY lacAcrp lacI repressor active repressor lactose inactive activator inactive cAMP activator active PromoterIPromotercrp mRNA mRNA mRNA LacZ (?gal) LacY LacA activator binding site polymerase RNA polymerase RNA repressor active can metabolize lactose!cAMP + - + lactose + cAMP activator active polymerase RNA DNA DNA The lac operon: a model of gene regulation in E. coli MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 7.01SC Fundamentals of Biology Fall 2011

Campbell AP Bio Chapter 17

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
biochemistry
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RNA
Protein biosynthesis
Molecular biology
Molecular genetics
Translation
Messenger RNA
RNA polymerase
Genetic code
health

LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick From Gene to Protein Chapter 17 Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information ? The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides ? The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins ? Proteins are the links between genotype and phenotype ? Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via

TEST BANK

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Genetics
DNA Replication
Gene expression
Molecular biology
RNA
DNA
Replication fork
Okazaki fragments
Sense
Messenger RNA
Gene

Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein 7) Which of the following represents a similarity between RNA and DNA? D) nucleotides consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base 9) Using RNA as a template for protein synthesis instead of translating proteins directly from the DNA is advantageous for the cell because B) RNA acts as an expendable copy of the genetic material, allowing the DNA to serve as a permanent, pristine repository of the genetic material. C) many mRNA molecules can be transcribed from a single gene, increasing the potential rate of gene expression. D) B and C only

Protein Synthesis

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Biology
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Biology
biochemistry
Protein biosynthesis
Gene expression
Molecular biology
RNA
Molecular genetics
Translation
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosome
Amino acid
health

Protein Synthesis What are proteins? An organic molecule Building block is amino acids Examples: Enzymes Antibodies Hemoglobin Part of Cell Membrane Structural (Collagen) How Are Proteins Made? The instructions for building a protein are found on a gene (DNA). RNA copies the DNA code to make a protein. Step 1 of Protein Synthesis The 1st step is called TRANSCRIPTION Transcription (Transcribe) how would we define? Transcription The information in DNA must be written into mRNA code DNA strand mRNA Who is involved in Transcription? DNA and mRNA mRNA goes to the nucleus to copy DNA and takes the codons to the ribosome Step 2 of Protein Synthesis The 2nd step is called TRANSLATION Translation (Translate) how would we define? Translation

Prokaryotes

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Biology
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microbiology
Prokaryote
Archaea
bacteria
Microorganism
cell
Eukaryote
organism
fission
Chromosome
Messenger RNA
health
Environment
Biology AP Prokaryotes Campbell

Overview: They?re (Almost) Everywhere! ? Prokaryotes were the earliest organisms on Earth. ? Today, they still dominate the biosphere. ? Their collective biomass outweighs all eukaryotes combined at least tenfold. ? More prokaryotes inhabit a handful of fertile soil or the mouth or skin of a human than the total number of people who have ever lived. ? Prokaryotes are wherever there is life. ? They thrive in habitats that are too cold, too hot, too salty, too acidic, or too alkaline for any eukaryote. ? Prokaryotes have even been discovered in rocks two miles below the surface of the Earth. ? Why have these organisms dominated the biosphere since the origin of life on Earth? ? Prokaryotes display diverse adaptations that allow them to inhabit many environments.

Freshman Biology

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Biology
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biochemistry
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RNA
Molecular genetics
Translation
Transfer RNA
Messenger RNA
Start codon
final review

THE BIG PICTURE DNA RNA PROTEIN Replication Transcription Translation Nucleotide Structure SUGAR Ribose in RNA Deoxyribose in DNA PHOSPHATE BASE Function of DNA Replication Produce 2 DNA molecules identical to the parent molecule Each will be distributed to 2 new cells during mitosis & 4 gametes during meiosis Two things can happen to DNA: Replication - so that the cell can divide Transcription ? so that the code for making a protein can be sent into the cell TRANSCRIPTION Function Produce a temporary RNA copy complimentary to part of 1 DNA strand mRNA will be used to take DNA code to ribosome & make protein Transcription animation http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf Steps (in Nucleus)

protein synthesis

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Biology
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Biology
Protein biosynthesis
Gene expression
Molecular biology
Genetics
RNA
Translation
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Genetic code
Ribosome
Gene
health

14.1 Structure of ribonucleic acid The genetic code Sequence of nucleotides in DNA forms a code that determines the sequence of amino acids in the proteins. In eukaryotes the DNA code is largely confined to the nucleus. The synthesis of proteins takes place in the cytoplasm. Sections of the DNA code are transcribed onto a single-stranded molecule called ribonucleic acid RNA. There are a number of types of RNA. The one that transfers the DNA code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm acts as a type of messenger and is called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA is small enough to leave the nucleus through the nuclear pores and to enter the cytoplasm, where the code that it contains is used to determine the sequence of amino acids in the proteins which are synthesised there.

Bio

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell
organelle
Messenger RNA
Biological membrane
Outline of cell biology
health
Technology

www.asbiology101.wordpress.com The figure below shows a bone marrow cell under the electron microscope. Complete the table below to show the functions of the structures labelled A to D. One has been done for you. Function Structure Label Controls substances which enter or leave the cell Contains digestive enzymes Carries out aerobic respiration Membrane surrounding the nucleus nuclear envelope D Attaches to mRNA in protein synthesis The structure and function of the various organelles within animal and plant cells A B C D nucleus E

API Marieb Notes Chapter 3

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Biology
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Biology
Protein biosynthesis
Gene expression
Membrane biology
Molecular biology
Cell Biology
Ribosome
cell
Translation
Messenger RNA
Nuclear pore
Gene
health

Chapter 3: Cells Required Readings: pgs. 61 ? 77 and 81 - 106 Questions: Check your understanding #1, 3 ? 5, 8, 13, 17 ? 19, and 26 ? 31 Review questions #1 ? 6, 8, 10, 11, 13 ? 17, 21 ? 24; #8 Vocabulary terms: Cell Exocytosis Ribosomes Cell theory Endocytosis Cilia Plasma membrane Phagocytosis Flagella Selective permeability Pinocytosis Interphase Concentration gradient Receptor-mediated endocytosis G0 phase Homeostasis Microvilli G1 phase Integral proteins Tight junctions S phase Peripheral proteins Desmosomes G2 phase Hydrophobic tails Gap junctions Mitosis Hydrophilic heads Cytoplasm Mitotic phase Passive transport Nucleus Prophase Active transport Nuclear envelope Metaphase Solvent Nuclear pore Anaphase Solute

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