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biochemistry

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 5 Outline

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Chemistry
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Biochemistry
Molecules
Polymer chemistry
Macromolecule
Biomolecule
Polymer
Monomer
Protein
Nucleic acid
DNA, RNA and proteins: The three essential macromolecules of life
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The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Outline

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Outline The Molecules of Life Macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids Architecture of a large biological molecule helps explain how that molecule works Macromolecules are Polymers, Built from Monomers Polymer: A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, much as a train consists of a chain of cars Monomers: The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers Enzymes: Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions Dehyrdration Reaction: Two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule

Photosynthesis Notes

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Matter
Photosynthesis
Plant physiology
Pigments
Photosynthetic pigments
Biological pigment
Oxygen
Absorption
Light-harvesting complex
Chlorophyll a
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Light-dependent reactions
Photophosphorylation
Photorespiration
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RuBisCO
Light-independent reactions
Calvin cycle

Photosynthesis Wednesday, March 06, 2013 11:00 PM ? Photosynthesis Photosynthesis - the process of converting energy in sunlight to energy in chemical bonds, especially glucose 6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Begins with light-absorbing pigments in plant cells A pigment molecule is able to absorb energy from light only within a narrow range of wavelengths In order to absorb as much of the entire bandwidth from sunlight as possible, different pigments, capable of absorbing different wavelengths, act together to optimize energy absorption These pigments include the green chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and the carotenoids, which are red, orange, or yellow

Cellular Respiration Notes

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Cellular respiration
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Metabolism
Metabolic pathways
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Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Glucose
Respiration
Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Environment
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Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
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Cellular Respiration Wednesday, March 06, 2013 5:23 PM ? Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration - an ATP-generating process that occurs within cells; energy is extracted from energy-rich glucose to form ATP from ADP and phosphate C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Glucose + air = carbon dioxide + water + energy Aerobic respiration - cellular respiration in the presence of O2; divided into three components: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation ? Glycolysis Glycolysis - the decomposition (lysis) of glucose (glyco) to pyruvate (or pyruvic acid); nine intermediate products are formed and, of course, each one is catalyzed by an enzyme; in six of the steps, magnesium ions are cofactors that promote enzyme activity; summary of the steps:

Chapter 3 Notes

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biochemistry

BIOL 1020 - CHAPTER 2 LECTURE NOTES Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life You must understand chemistry to understand life (and to pass this course)! Elements and Atoms Elements ? substances that cannot be further broken down into other substances (at least by ordinary chemical reactions) every element has a chemical symbol (H for hydrogen, O for oxygen, etc.); this is most familiar from the periodic table Essential elements: elements that an organism needs to live. They are similar along different organism but there is some variation Trace element: elements that are required by an organism in only minute quantities E.g.: Iron (Trace) Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Carbon(Essential elements)

Glossary of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

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Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 3' end/5' end: A nucleic acid strand is inherently directional, and the "5 prime end" has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate) on a 5' carbon and the "3 prime end" has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate) on a 3' carbon (carbon atoms in the sugar ring are numbered from 1' to 5'. That's simple enough for an RNA strand or for single- stranded (ss) DNA. However, for double-stranded (ds) DNA it's not so obvious - each strand has a 5' end and a 3' end, and the 5' end of one strand is paired with the 3' end of the other strand (it is "antiparallel"). One would talk about the 5' end of ds DNA only if there was some reason to emphasize one strand over the other - for

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