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Amino acid

Chapter 5 Test Bank AP Bio

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules In Chapter 5, the principles of chemistry covered in earlier chapters are applied to the understanding of biological polymers and lipid membranes. The emphasis is on properly linking monomers and their polymers, and on the structural and functional diversity of the different polymer types. Particular attention is given to protein structure, because this is central to understanding subsequent chapters on metabolism, molecular biology, and molecular medicine. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Humans and mice differ because A) their cells have different small organic molecules. B) their cells make different types of large biological molecules.

Chapter 4 Test Bank AP Bio

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life This chapter focuses on the chemistry of carbon and organic compounds. Students should be able to identify the nature of the bonds between carbon and other elements (nonpolar versus polar), the different types of weak bonds and interactions, the various types of isomers, the basic functional groups of organic molecules, and their relative solubility in water. The abiotic formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is important in the origin of life. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) nitrogen. E) phosphorus. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 5

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LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE Primary Structure?the unique sequence of amino acids, type sequence and number; determines the other three structures It is held together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl group of one amino acid with the amino group of another amino acid B. Secondary Structure? regular repeated coiling and folding of the polypeptide caused by H?bonds between atoms in the polypeptide backbone (a hydrogen on a nitrogen and a double?bonded oxygen atom) see Fig. 5.20 p. 76 a. alpha helix? a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth peptide bond b. Beta pleated sheet? where regions of the chain lie parallel to each other LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE

AP bio macromolecules ppt

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* Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules * The Molecules of Life Overview: Another level in the hierarchy of biological organization is reached when small organic molecules are joined together Atom ---> molecule ---? compound * Macromolecules Are large molecules composed of smaller molecules Are complex in their structures Figure 5.1 * Macromolecules Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers Four classes of life?s organic molecules are polymers Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids * A polymer Is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers Specific monomers make up each macromolecule E.g. amino acids are the monomers for proteins * The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers

Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Ch. 5 Macromolecules

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Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Monomers Polymers Macromolecules Small organic Used for building blocks of polymers Connects with condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) Long molecules of monomers With many identical or similar blocks linked by covalent bonds Giant molecules 2 or more polymers bonded together ie. amino acid ? peptide ? polypeptide ? protein smaller larger Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction) Hydrolysis Make polymers Breakdown polymers Monomers ? Polymers Polymers ? Monomers A + B ? AB AB ? A + B + H2O + + H2O + Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis I. Carbohydrates Fuel and building material Include simple sugars (fructose) and polymers (starch) Ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen or CH2O

Proteins

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Chemical Components of Cells Part II- Protiens 1.19.16 Proteins are composed of amino acids General structure of an amino acid where R is one of twenty different side chains At pH=7, both the carboxyl and amino groups are polarized In cell, cytosol will always make it ionized Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds R Groups have different chemical properties: Be able to decide if each R-group is hydrophobic or hydrophilic Proteins are folded polymers of amino acids Primary - linear Secondary - alpha or beta Tertiary - combination of alpha and beta, globular Quaternary - combination of globular structures Folding of protein determines function Most proteins adopt a single highly preferred conformation

Biology top ten

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Biology Top Ten Elizabeth Kim Natural selection acts on individuals; evolution acts on populations. Water?s polarity contributes to its properties of cohesion and adhesion. Functional groups determine a molecule?s properties ? acidity, baseness. Active transport requires input of free energy while passive transport does not. Each enzyme has a specific function due to distinct shapes of active sites and the substrates that fit into it. Protein is formed from polypeptide chains of their monomers ? amino acids. In early life, as organisms became exposed to a new environment with oxygen, they were able to use photosynthesis to acquire and use energy more efficiently for gaining resources.

Plants

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Chapter 1: Principles of Life Concept 1.1: Living Organisms Share Common Aspects of Structure, Function and Energy Flow Biology is the scientific study of living things All living things have a single common ancestor Life as we know it had a single origin All organisms: All organisms are composed of cells and organic material (amino acids, nucleic acids etc.) Contain genetic information for protein synthesis and reproduction Convert environmental molecules into biological molecules Use external energy for internal processes Maintain homeostasis Replicate DNA to prepare for reproduction Maintain similar genetic sequences in the fundamental set of genes Change their genetic information according to changes in environment (evolution)

Wiley Joeking

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Chemistry: Matter & Properties Matter is anything that has _______________ and occupies ______________. Matter has (Area) (Volume) (Indefinite Structure) What are the 4 building blocks of matter? __________, _________, ___________, and _______________. What is NOT a building block of matter Odor Compounds Amino Acids Both A and C None Of the above The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element: _________________________ A pure substance made of only one kind of atom is an _________________ An element is made up of ___ kind(s) of atom(s) Which of the following DOESN?T describe a compound? It is a substance It is the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element Made from atoms Made of 2 or more elements

Chapter 41 Brief outline

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Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition Outline I. An Animal’s Diet must Supply Chemical Energy, Organic Molecules, and Essential Nutrients A. Essential Nutrients 1. Essential Nutrients- materials an animal requires but cannot make 2. Four essential nutrients a) Essential Amino Acids- amino acid that must be obtained in a prefabricated form b) Essential Fatty Acids- an unsaturated fatty acid c) Vitamins- organic molecules required in very small amounts (Example: Vitamin C) d) Minerals- inorganic material required in small amounts (Example: Zinc) B. Dietary Deficiencies 1. Undernourishment- result of consistently consuming less than the required amount of calories for metabolism 2. Malnourishment- long-term absence from one or more essential nutrients C. Assessing Nutritional Needs

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