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European History

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The Age of Nation-States

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Summary Chapter 22: The Age of Nation-States • Revolutions of 1848 was defeat for liberalism and nationalism • Italy and Germany would soon unite • Reform in Habsburg, Ottoman Empire and Russia • France would be a republic • Most reforms occurred under conservative leadership • Had to maintain loyalty of subjects at home The Crimean War (1853-1856) The Crimean War was started by Russia trying to control the ottoman empire Russia protected Orthodox Christians and France the Catholics Russia used right to protect Orthodox Christians to occupy Moldavia and Walachia Russia was also shooting for the breakup of the Ottoman Empire Britain and France opposed Russian expansion Austria and Prussia stayed neutral

Peter the Great

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Peter the Great improved Russia politics; he brought their political system out of the medieval times into a new era. He also socialized the backward Russian nobleman and westernized Russia. As once Pushkin said Peter made a window to Europe. He helped Russia to get out of the medieval time and made Russia to a developed organized new country. He westernized socially and politically. He was the right Tzar at the right time. He developed Russia that good, that it would become a major thread for the rest of Europe.

Factors Leading to European Exploration

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Jake DiMeglio Pd. 3 9/20/08 Factors Leading to European Exploration In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, many European countries were intrigued to search for an alternate route to get to the Indies. The Portuguese were the first to follow through with these desires when they attempted to sail around the tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope. There was then the ever famous Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer who was sponsored by Spain to travel across the Atlantic in search of the Indies in 1492. The real question is not who traveled, how they traveled, or when they traveled, but rather why they traveled. The three major factors that prompted these explorations were promoting religion, technological advancements, and the desire for political and economic advancement.

REA 10th Edition pg. 254-271 Ch. 8 (1890-1945)

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REA Chapter 8 Pages 254-271 Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism Benito MS, named bu his Socialist blacksmith father after the Mexican rev, Benito Juarez, was born in 1883 After a brief teaching stint, he went to Switzerland to avoid military service but returned and became active in Socialist politics In 1912, he became editor of the party’s newspaper, Avanti After the outbreak of world War, he broke with the party over involvement in the war and began to espouse nationalist ideas that became the mucleus of his fascist movement Then opened his own newspaper, Popolo d’Italia (The People of Italy) to voice his ideas Drafted into military service in 1915 and badly wounded

AP Teacher's Recommend 10th Edition Chapter 8 Pages 254-271

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Chapter 8 Pages 254-271 Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism Benito MS, named bu his Socialist blacksmith father after the Mexican rev, Benito Juarez, was born in 1883 After a brief teaching stint, he went to Switzerland to avoid military service but returned and became active in Socialist politics In 1912, he became editor of the party’s newspaper, Avanti After the outbreak of world War, he broke with the party over involvement in the war and began to espouse nationalist ideas that became the mucleus of his fascist movement Then opened his own newspaper, Popolo d’Italia (The People of Italy) to voice his ideas Drafted into military service in 1915 and badly wounded

AP teacher's recommend 10th Edition Chapter 8 pages 227-231, 237-239, 244-250

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Chapter 8 pages 227-231, 237-239, 244-250 Pg. 227-231 The Second Thirty Years' War: WWI and WWII (1890-1945) International Politics and the Coming of the War (1890-1914) The primary factors contributing to this crisis: heightened nationalism + mindless militarism The Polarization of Europe 1890. Otto von Bismarck dismissed as German chancellor by Kaiser Wilhelm II Factors that led to Bismarck's fall: renewal of the Reinsurance Treaty (1887) w/ Russia + his scheme to undermine the Soc. Dem Party (SPD) in German politics His dismissal called into question the continuining dominance of a German agenda over Euro affairs

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