Psychology

Chapter 8: Cognition and Intelligence Types of Problems Problems of inducing structure Series completion and analogy problems Problems of arrangement String problem and Anagrams Often solved through insight Problems of transformation Hobbits and orcs problem Water jar problem Figure 8.1 Six standard problems used in studies of problem solving Effective Problem Solving Barriers to effective problem solving: Irrelevant Information Functional Fixedness Mental Set Unnecessary Constraints Figure 8.7 The tower of Hanoi problem Figure 8.8 Solutions to the additional water jar problems Approaches to Problem Solving Trial-and-error Heuristics Forming subgoals Searching for analogies Changing the representation of a problem Figure 8.11 Solution to the Buddhist monk problem

Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior Basic assumption: events are governed by some lawful order Goals: Measurement and description Understanding and prediction Application and control Figure 2.1 Flowchart of steps in a scientific investigation Steps in a Scientific Investigation Formulate a testable hypothesis Select the research method and design the study Collect the data Analyze the data and draw conclusions Report the findings Table 2.1 Key Data Collection Techniques in Psychology Looking for Causes: Experimental Research Experiment = manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed Detection of cause-and-effect relationships

Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Vision: The Stimulus Light = electromagnetic radiation Amplitude: perception of brightness Wavelength: perception of color Purity: mix of wavelengths perception of saturation, or richness of colors. The Eye: A Living Optical Instrument The eye: housing and channeling Components: Cornea: where light enters the eye Lens: focuses the light rays on the retina Iris: colored ring of muscle, constricts or dilates via amount of light Pupil: regulates amount of light Figure 4.2 The human eye The Retina: The Brain?s Envoy in the Eye Retina: absorbs light, processes images Optic disk: optic nerve connection/blind spot Receptor cells: Rods: black and white/low light vision Cones: color and daylight vision