AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Biology

BIOLOGY LABORATORY

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
Tags: 
Biology
Zoology
animals
Aquatic ecology
Ichthyology
Fisheries
Chordate
Deuterostomia
Vertebrate
fish
Phylum
Worm

Invertebrates sponges, segmented worms, echinoderms, mollusks, and arthropods They do not have backbones or internal skeletons.? Some have external skeletons, called exoskeletons ??? Sponges -Very simple animals that have many pores (holes) through which water flows. -Water moves into a central cavity and out through a hole in the top. -obtain their food and eliminate wastes through this passage of water. -They have specialized cells for obtaining food and oxygen from the water. ??? Cnidarians -Hollowed-body animals with cells organized into tissues. -Have tentacles surrounding their mouth that contain stinging cells used to help capture its prey. -Have radial symmetry and two different body forms: polyp and medusa. -Examples are sea anemones, hydra, corals, and sea jellies. ???

Chapter 11- Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
Tags: 
Genetics
Biology
Philosophy of biology
Classical genetics
Dominance
Recessive
Sex linkage
genotype
Genetic disorder
Sickle-cell disease
Tay–Sachs disease
heredity
health

Chapter 11: Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity RECESSIVE GENETIC DISORDERS -A recessive trait that is expressed when the individual is homozygous recessive for the trait CYSTIC FIBROSIS -Affects the mucus-producing glands, digestive enzymes, and sweat glands ALBINISM -Caused by altered genes, resulting in the absence of melanin in hair and eyes TAY-SACHS DISEASE -Gangliosides (fatty acids) accumulate in the brain, inflating brain nerve cells and causing mental deterioration GALACTOSEMIA -Recssive genetic disorder characterized by the inability of the body to digest galactose DOMINANT GENETIC DISORDERS -Huntington's Disease affects the nervous system -Achondroplasia is a genetic condition that causes small body size and limbs that are comparatively short

Cellular Respiration Summary

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
Tags: 
Biology
cellular respiration
Chemiosmosis
Pyruvate decarboxylation
Mitochondrial matrix
Glycolysis
Acetyl-CoA
Citric acid cycle
mitochondrion
Vesicle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Pyruvic acid

Why? Where? In Out Glycolysis Split Glucose into 2 pyruvates Cytosol 1 Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH 2 ATP Transition Reactions Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA Inner membrane 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl-CoA 2CO2 2NADH Citric Acid Cycle Make the electron carriers Mitochondrial Matrix Acetyl-CoA 2 ATP 6NADH 2FADH2 4CO2 Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) & Chemiosmosis Send H+ in inner membrane space as they go down ETC chain and this allows us to manage energy (create concentration gradient and produce most ATP) ETC- Cristae Chemiosmosis- inner membrane NADH & FADH2 2H2O 36-38 ATP *** Out products are per glucose *** ***If you want per pyruvate take half of what the numbers are in the chart*** Delivery System (follow the vesicle)

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapters 14-18 Study Guide

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
Tags: 
Biology
Genetics
Gene expression
RNA
Protein biosynthesis
Molecular biology
Gene
RNA polymerase
Transcription
DNA
Dominance
Translation
health

Chapters 14 and 15 Gregor Mendel Studied traits that occur in distinct forms Developed true-breeding varieties When bred amongst themselves, by self-fertilization, these plants produced offspring identical to the parent for that trait No variation in that one trait Used mathematical analysis in his studies Findings related mainly to plants, not humans Definitions Gametes: reproductive cells produced by sexually-reproducing organisms Two types: Male gametes=sperm In plants: contained in pollen Female gametes=eggs In plants, contained in ovules, which mature to seeds when fertilized Ovules contained in carpels Fertilization Fertilization: fusion of egg and sperm Self-fertilized: fusion of sperm and egg from same plant

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 10-13 Study Guide

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
Tags: 
Biology
Cell Biology
Cell Signaling
cell cycle
organelles
Photosynthesis
Thylakoid
Cell surface receptor
Meiosis
Cell growth
Signal transduction
Kinetochore
health

Chapter 10 Photosynthesis The production of organic fuel from energy Carbon dioxide + water + energy organic compounds + oxygen Is a redox reaction Water is split and electrons transferred with H+ from H2O to CO2, reducing it to sugar Autotrophs: ?producers? able to produce their own organic compounds Produce their own organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment Heterotrophs: ?consumers? who must obtain organic compounds from other organisms or substances Where does photosynthesis occur? Chloroplasts in the leaves of plants Chloroplasts are found mainly in mesophyll cells forming the tissues in the interior of the leaf O2 exits and CO2 enters the leaf through microscopic pores called stomata in the leaf

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 10-13 Study Guide

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
Tags: 
Biology
Cell Biology
Cell Signaling
cell cycle
organelles
Photosynthesis
Thylakoid
Cell surface receptor
Meiosis
Cell growth
Signal transduction
Kinetochore
health

Chapter 10 Photosynthesis The production of organic fuel from energy Carbon dioxide + water + energy organic compounds + oxygen Is a redox reaction Water is split and electrons transferred with H+ from H2O to CO2, reducing it to sugar Autotrophs: ?producers? able to produce their own organic compounds Produce their own organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment Heterotrophs: ?consumers? who must obtain organic compounds from other organisms or substances Where does photosynthesis occur? Chloroplasts in the leaves of plants Chloroplasts are found mainly in mesophyll cells forming the tissues in the interior of the leaf O2 exits and CO2 enters the leaf through microscopic pores called stomata in the leaf

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapters 6-9 Study Guide

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
Tags: 
Biology
cellular respiration
organelles
Membrane biology
Cell Biology
Integral membrane proteins
mitochondrion
Vesicle
cell
Chemiosmosis
Adenosine triphosphate
Oxidative phosphorylation
health

Chapter 8 Metabolism The totality of an organism?s chemical reactions An emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules A chemical reaction is an alteration in the chemical properties of a molecule Often these chemical properties of a molecule are changed in a series of steps Ex: breaking down and changing the chemistry of what you eat A metabolic pathway is a series of steps that alter a molecule to manage material and energy It begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product Therefore, metabolism is the management of materials and energy in an organism utilizing chemical reactions in specific pathways 2 Basic Metabolic Pathways

Chapter 10- Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Cont.

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
Tags: 
Genetics
Classical genetics
Biology
Philosophy of biology
Dihybrid cross
Monohybrid cross
Punnett square
Genetic linkage
Dominance
Mendelian inheritance
Recessive
Hybrid
health

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Cont. MENDELIAN GENETICS -The parent generation known as the P generation -The offspring of this P cross is calle dthe first filial (F1) generation -The second filial (F2) generation is the offspring of the F1 cross -Mendel studied seven different traits: -Seed or pea color -Flower color -Seed pod color -Seed shape or texture -Seed pod shape -Stem length -Flower position GENES IN PAIRS -Allele -An alternative form of a single gene passed form generation to generation -Dominant -Recessive DOMINANCE -An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is homozygous -An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait is heterozygous GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE

Genetics

Subject: 
Environmental Science
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
Tags: 
Biology
Cell Biology
mitosis
cell cycle
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Meiosis
Chromosome
Homologous chromosome
Ploidy
Anaphase
Metaphase
health

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER -Human body cells have 46 chromosomes -Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes -Homologous chromosomes- one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent -Same length -Same centromere position -Carry genes that control the same inherited traits HAPLOID AND DIPLOID CELLS -An organism produces gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation -Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes -A cell with n chromosomes is a haploid cell -A cell with 2n chromosomes is a diploid cell - MEIOSIS I -The sexual life cycle in animals ivolves meiosis -Meiosis produces gametes -When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored MEIOSIS

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Subject: 
Biology
Rating: 
0
No votes yet
Tags: 
Biology
Cell Biology
mitosis
cell cycle
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Meiosis
Chromosome
Homologous chromosome
Ploidy
Anaphase
Metaphase
health

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER -Human body cells have 46 chromosomes -Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes -Homologous chromosomes- one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent -Same length -Same centromere position -Carry genes that control the same inherited traits HAPLOID AND DIPLOID CELLS -An organism produces gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation -Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes -A cell with n chromosomes is a haploid cell -A cell with 2n chromosomes is a diploid cell - MEIOSIS I -The sexual life cycle in animals ivolves meiosis -Meiosis produces gametes -When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored MEIOSIS

Pages

Subscribe to RSS - Biology

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!