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Biology

Genetics 1

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Mendelian Genetics All Materials ? Cmassengale? 1862 1868 1880 Genetic Terminology: Trait?- any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring Heredity?- passing of traits from parent to offspring Genetics?- study of heredity Alleles?- two forms of a gene (dominant & recessive) Dominant?- stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid; represented by a?capital letter (R) Recessive?- gene that shows up less often in a cross; represented by a?lowercase letter (r) Genotype?- gene combination for a trait (e.g. RR, Rr, rr) Phenotype?- the physical feature resulting from a genotype (e.g. tall, short) Homozygous?genotype - gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes (e.g. RR or rr); also called?pure?

Fungi Notes

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20.1: Fungi What is a fungus? The Characteristics of Fungi Fungi are eukaryotes, use spores to reproduce and are heterotrophs. Fungi need moist, warm places to grow Most are multicellular, yeasts are unicellular Hyphae: branching threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi Fuzzy looking molds have loosely tangled hyphae. The stalk and cap of mushrooms are closely packed hyphae. Mycelium: a complex network of branching hyphae may serve to anchor the fungus, invade food sources, form reproductive structures Cell walls of must fungi contain a complex carbohydrate called chitin Cross walls called septa divide hyphae into individual cells that contain one or more nuclei Pores in the septa let cytoplasm, organelles and nutrients flow throughout the fungus

Protista Notes

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19.1: Protists The World of Protists What is a Protist? Kingdom Protista contains the most diverse group of organisms of all kingdoms Most are unicellular (diatoms), but some are multicellular (giant kelp). Some are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs and others are both. The characteristic that all protists share is that they are eukaryotes Protists are divided into animal-like protists, funguslike protists and plantlike protists. Protozoa: animal-like protist, all are unicellular Algae: plant-like protists, do not have roots, stems and leaves Unicellular algae produce most of the world?s oxygen and are the basis for aquatic food chains Fungus-like protists are able to move at some point in their life and do not have chitin in their cell walls What is a protozoan?

Virus, Bacteria, and Archaea Notes

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18.1: Viruses and Bacteria Viruses What is a Virus? Virus: composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and are smaller than the smallest bacterium Biologists consider viruses to be nonliving because viruses are not cells. Viruses do not carry out respiration, grow or develop. Viruses can only multiply when they are inside a living cell. Host cell: cell in which a virus replicates Almost all viruses are parasites because they destroy the cells in which they multiply. Viruses can infect the organisms of all six kingdoms. Because viruses are not alive, scientists do not use binomial nomenclature to name them.

Genetic Technology

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Genetic Technology Applied Genetics Selective Breeding Selective breeding is the breeding of organisms to produce certain desired traits in their offspring In selective breeding, a genome is changed slowly and deliberately, over many generations. Selective breeding is one example of biotechnology. Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to make products, such as medicines and improved crops, or to benefit humans. Ancient peoples native to North and South America used selective breeding to develop corn and potatoes from wild plants. Today, farmers still use selective breeding to develop new crops. In order for a new breed with a desired trait to be established, only the offspring that inherit the desired trait are selected to reproduce.

Patterns of Heredity

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Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Mendelian Inheritance of Human Traits Pedigree: a graphic representation of genetic inheritance A pedigree uses symbols that identify males and females, family relationships, individuals affected by a trait being studied. Carrier: an individual who carries a recessive trait that is not expressed (heterozygous) Simple Recessive Heredity Most genetic disorders are caused by recessive alleles. Cystic Fibrosis Most common fatal genetic disorder in US among people of European descent (1/28 carry, 1/2500 affected) Cells in respiratory and digestive system produce huge quantities of mucus Catch infections easily and suffocate Usually die before reach 20?s Tay-Sachs Disease

DNA and Genes

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DNA and Genes (Extended Notes) DNA: The Molecule of Heredity What is DNA? An organism?s environment influences how an organism develops, but the organism?s DNA holds the genetic information and determines its traits. DNA achieves this by controlling the structure of proteins. Your body is made up of proteins Your body?s functions depend on proteins called enzymes In the 1950s scientists thought protein was the genetic material In 1952 Hershey and Chase infected bacteria with radioactive viruses (one was radioactive protein & the other was radioactive DNA) Only the radioactive DNA entered the bacteria and produced new viruses DNA is a complex organic molecule called a polymer. The monomers, or repeating subunits, that make up DNA are called nucleotides.

Mendel and Meoisis

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Mendel and Meiosis Meiosis Genes, Chromosomes, and Numbers Organisms have tens of thousands of genes that determine their traits These genes are lined up on chromosomes (one can contain 1,000+ genes) In body cells of most plants and animals, chromosomes occur in pairs (one from mom, one from dad) Diploid: a cell with two of each kind of chromosome (2n) Organisms have two factors, called alleles, for each trait Organisms produce gametes that contain one of each kind of chromosome Haploid: a cell containing one of each kind of chromosome (n) Homologous chromosomes: the two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell Each member of a pair has genes for the same traits, arranged in the same order, but not necessarily identical

Energy in a Cell

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Chapter 9?Energy in a Cell Section 1?The Need for Energy Chemical bonds store energy that can be released when the bond is broken. Some bonds have more energy than others. Cell Energy Plants and other producers are able to trap light energy from the sun. Consumers obtain their energy from producers and other consumers. Cells need energy for active transport, cell division, movement and protein production, transport and storage. Your muscles and organs need energy to work. Energy is stored, at the cellular level, in the bonds of a molecule in your cells that any organelle can use. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): composed of an adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups attached

Cell Cycle

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Cell Growth and Reproduction Cell Reproduction All cells come from preexisting cells. Cell division results in two cells that are identical to the parent cell. New cells are constantly being produced. Scientists noticed certain structures that appeared just before cell division and disappeared after. Chromosomes: structures which contain DNA and become darkly colored when stained For most of a cell?s life, chromosomes exist as chromatin Chromatin: long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones Histones are grouped in bunches called nucleosomes The Cell Cycle Cell cycle: the sequence of growth and division of a cell Two general periods of the cycle: growth and division The majority of a cell?s life is spent in the growth period known as interphase

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