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Biology

Excretion notes

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excretion

Dr. M. Nedwidek; Stuy HS Linda Luu 12/18/09 SL1-05 (pds 3+4) Aim: How are wastes filtered from blood? Intro: Just as gas exchange provides the raw materials for energy production, excretion gets rid of wastes in the volume of wastes and liquids in one?s body; must be homeostatically maintained or kept constant-at equilibrium. (Blood is at equilibrium.) Mammalian urinary systems remove waste. Vertebrate Urinary/Excretory Systems Function to: Regulate blood levels of ions Regulate H2O content of blood Maintain proper pH of blood Retain glucose and amino acids in blood (nutrients) Secrete hormones (like erythropoietin) Eliminate cellular wastes like urea Urine is a product of urea which results from amino acid metabolism.

Circulation notes

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circulation system
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EMI Huang: First third of NED CIRC NOTES 2009 Systole: Heart ventricles contract/chamber pump Diastole: Heart ventricles relax/chamber fills AIM: What are the parts of the heart and blood? William Harvey established direction of blood flow and elucidated difference between pulmo and systemic circulation. TYPES OF CIRCULATION: Pulmonary: travel of blood between heart and lungs Coronary: supplies blood to heart Renal: supplies blood to kidneys Hepatic portal: supplies liver with nutrients; receive oxygenated blood from the aorta HEART: CHAMBERS AND VALVES Atria: blood into upper chambers Ventricles: blood out of lower chambers. Valves/regulated one-way flow. A/V: Atria Ventricular S/L: Semilunar (Valves separate chambers, preventing blood from mixing)

"Your Inner Fish" By Neil Shubin

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Neil Shubin

This book has been optimized for viewing at a monitor setting of 1024 x 768 pixels. YOUR INNER FISH YOUR INNER FISH A J O U R N E Y I N T O T H E 3 . 5 - B I L L I O N - Y E A R H I S T O RY O F T H E H U M A N B O DY NEIL SHUBIN P A N T H E O N B O O K S , N E W Y O R K Copyright ? 2008 by Neil Shubin All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Pantheon Books and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. All illustrations by Kalliopi Monoyios unless otherwise noted. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shubin, Neil.

Muscle and Gland Cheat Sheet

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Additional Info Origin Insertion Point Action Latissimus Dorsi A broad muscle around the sides of the thoracic area Lumbar vert. & last few of thoracic vert. Proximal end if the humerus Moves forelimb dorsally & caudally Trapezius Broad muscle above & covering the cranio-dorsal edge of Latissimus Dorsi From the occipital bone & first 10 Thoracic vert. Spine of scapula Moves scapula medially Deltoids Muscles that cover the should girdle Spine of scapula Anterior ridge of the humerus Flexes the humerus Int. & Ext. Oblique Broad muscles covering entire lateral ab. area Caudal ribs & from the Lumbodorsal Fascia Onto an Apo neurosis ? Linea Alba Constructs abdomen Biceps Femoris Broad muscle covering most of the caudal half of the lat. Upper hind limb

Cellular Respiration

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Cellular respiration
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Respiration
Glycolysis
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Mitochondrion
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Cellular respiration is a cycle that occurs in both plant and animal cells. However, note that it does not occur in prokaryotic cells for they lack organelles. The first stage of cell respiration takes place outside the mitochondria and is called glycolosis. Here, glucose is converted to two pyruvates. Then through the Krebs Citric Acid Cycle, the pyruvate is changed to Acetyl-CoA and creates more ATP. Finally, the electron chain results in hydrogen ions being pumped out and then forced to diffuse back and in doing so, produce ATP through facilitated diffusion. In this manner, eukaryotic cells create ATP to power their cells.

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