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Genetics

DNA and Genes

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Protein biosynthesis
Molecular biology
RNA
Gene expression
Translation
Genetic code
Nucleic acid sequence
Gene
DNA
Nucleic acid
health

DNA and Genes (Extended Notes) DNA: The Molecule of Heredity What is DNA? An organism?s environment influences how an organism develops, but the organism?s DNA holds the genetic information and determines its traits. DNA achieves this by controlling the structure of proteins. Your body is made up of proteins Your body?s functions depend on proteins called enzymes In the 1950s scientists thought protein was the genetic material In 1952 Hershey and Chase infected bacteria with radioactive viruses (one was radioactive protein & the other was radioactive DNA) Only the radioactive DNA entered the bacteria and produced new viruses DNA is a complex organic molecule called a polymer. The monomers, or repeating subunits, that make up DNA are called nucleotides.

Mendel and Meoisis

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Classical genetics
Cytogenetics
Cellular processes
cell cycle
Meiosis
Genetic linkage
Homologous chromosome
Monohybrid cross
Chromosome
Gamete
health

Mendel and Meiosis Meiosis Genes, Chromosomes, and Numbers Organisms have tens of thousands of genes that determine their traits These genes are lined up on chromosomes (one can contain 1,000+ genes) In body cells of most plants and animals, chromosomes occur in pairs (one from mom, one from dad) Diploid: a cell with two of each kind of chromosome (2n) Organisms have two factors, called alleles, for each trait Organisms produce gametes that contain one of each kind of chromosome Haploid: a cell containing one of each kind of chromosome (n) Homologous chromosomes: the two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell Each member of a pair has genes for the same traits, arranged in the same order, but not necessarily identical

linkage chi-square test

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Biology
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Classical genetics
Biology
Statistics
Genetic linkage
Monohybrid cross
Chi-squared test
Dihybrid cross
Dominance
Chi-squared distribution
Genetics
chi-squared
Chromosomal crossover
health

1 LECTURE: Linkage & Chi-square test Linkage & Chi-squared Test Outline and Objective 2 ? Accounting for disruptions in expected Mendelian ratios ? Application of the Chi-square test ? Objective: At the end of this lesson you should be able to: 1. Define the term linked gene 2. Differentiate between results obtained from linked genes and non-linked genes in dihybrid crosses 3. Write a null hypothesis 4. Apply the chi-squared test to results observed from crosses LECTURE: Linkage & Chi-square test 3 Review ?We have been looking so far at inheritance of genes on different chromosomes. ? Since humans for example, have thousands of traits, each chromosome must carry a large number of genes.

Biology Lecture Questions the Brain

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Genetics
Biology
Philosophy of biology
Alzheimer's disease
Human genome
Microcephaly
DNA
health

Medicine in the Genomic Era Lecture 1- Sizing up the Brain Gene by Gene Natasha Marfatia 1. The human genetic code is written in a(n) ______ containing ____ letters. It is over _____ letters long and encodes around ______ genes. 2. What is the cause of the drop in cost to sequence DNA? 3. Cerebral cortex makes up how much of the whole brain? 4. What is myelin? 5. Is it likely for someone under the age of 20 to develop Alzheimer?s or someone over the age of 60 to develop Alzheimer?s? 6. What is the name of the condition when the brain too small? 7. What is hemispherectomy? 8. Name a negative effect of Dante?s surgery. 9. Hemimegalencephaly includes an abnormality with the ________________. 10. Is there a connection between hemimegalencephaly and cancer?

Chapter 11- Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

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Biology
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Genetics
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Philosophy of biology
Classical genetics
Dominance
Recessive
Sex linkage
genotype
Genetic disorder
Sickle-cell disease
Tay–Sachs disease
heredity
health

Chapter 11: Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity RECESSIVE GENETIC DISORDERS -A recessive trait that is expressed when the individual is homozygous recessive for the trait CYSTIC FIBROSIS -Affects the mucus-producing glands, digestive enzymes, and sweat glands ALBINISM -Caused by altered genes, resulting in the absence of melanin in hair and eyes TAY-SACHS DISEASE -Gangliosides (fatty acids) accumulate in the brain, inflating brain nerve cells and causing mental deterioration GALACTOSEMIA -Recssive genetic disorder characterized by the inability of the body to digest galactose DOMINANT GENETIC DISORDERS -Huntington's Disease affects the nervous system -Achondroplasia is a genetic condition that causes small body size and limbs that are comparatively short

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapters 14-18 Study Guide

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Biology
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Gene expression
RNA
Protein biosynthesis
Molecular biology
Gene
RNA polymerase
Transcription
DNA
Dominance
Translation
health

Chapters 14 and 15 Gregor Mendel Studied traits that occur in distinct forms Developed true-breeding varieties When bred amongst themselves, by self-fertilization, these plants produced offspring identical to the parent for that trait No variation in that one trait Used mathematical analysis in his studies Findings related mainly to plants, not humans Definitions Gametes: reproductive cells produced by sexually-reproducing organisms Two types: Male gametes=sperm In plants: contained in pollen Female gametes=eggs In plants, contained in ovules, which mature to seeds when fertilized Ovules contained in carpels Fertilization Fertilization: fusion of egg and sperm Self-fertilized: fusion of sperm and egg from same plant

Chapter 10- Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Cont.

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Biology
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Genetics
Classical genetics
Biology
Philosophy of biology
Dihybrid cross
Monohybrid cross
Punnett square
Genetic linkage
Dominance
Mendelian inheritance
Recessive
Hybrid
health

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Cont. MENDELIAN GENETICS -The parent generation known as the P generation -The offspring of this P cross is calle dthe first filial (F1) generation -The second filial (F2) generation is the offspring of the F1 cross -Mendel studied seven different traits: -Seed or pea color -Flower color -Seed pod color -Seed shape or texture -Seed pod shape -Stem length -Flower position GENES IN PAIRS -Allele -An alternative form of a single gene passed form generation to generation -Dominant -Recessive DOMINANCE -An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is homozygous -An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait is heterozygous GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
RNA
Gene expression
nucleic acids
DNA
Gene
Uracil
Adenine
Protein biosynthesis
Base pair
Thymine
health

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis DNA -The species-particular DNA sequences produce the species-particular proteins -Genes code for proteins -Genes are long strands of DNA of chromosomes WHAT IS DNA? -DNA is genetic code -Instructions for heredity -Components of genes -Director of protein synthesis -A type of nucleic acid -A type of organic compound -A polymer {a compound made of repeating subunits} DNA'S PROPER NAME IS -Deoxyribonucleic acid -Consists of a ribose sugar with a "missing oxygen" (thats the de-oxy part) -And it's found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell STRUCTURE OF DNA -A nucleotide of DNA is the base unit -A nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base DNA IS A DOUBLE STRAND -The nitrogen bases have compliment partners

Bio_SG_Final_Exam

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Cell Biology
metabolism
Molecular biology
cell
Gene
organism
DNA
Photosynthesis
Enzyme
organelle
health

Biol 160 Study Guide ? Final Exam 1. Be able to describe what science and a scientific concept are. 2. Be able to define what is and isn?t biology. 3. Know the levels of organization of life that define the scope of biology. 4. What is an atom made of? What charge does each part have? 5. What determines the atomic number of an atom? 6. What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond? 7. What is the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules? 8. What is hydrogen bonding and why is it important? 9. What is the general form of a chemical reaction and what are the reactants vs products? 10. How are monomers and polymers related? Be able to describe and recognize a dehydration and hydrolysis reaction.

Bio_SG

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Biology
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Biology
Molecular biology
microbiology
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cell
Cell Biology
evolution
organism
Eukaryote
organelle
Gene
Prokaryote
health

Biology 160 Study Guide #5 1. Be able to write the basic reaction that describes cellular respiration 2. What are the three main stages of cellular respiration? Be able to say what goes in and what comes out of each of these stages. 3. What is chemiosmosis (be able to describe the process)? 4. What is the form of energy actually used by your body? 5. What happens if you don?t have oxygen? 6. What is fermentation? 7. Be able to describe how the three main forms of nutrition are used for energy or made by the reverse of these cycles. 8. What is the basic mechanism responsible for global warming? 9. What are the central themes in the theory of natural selection? 10. How has the fossil record been preserved?

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