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Genetics

Bio_160_Lecture4

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Genetics
RNA
Gene expression
Molecular biology
Molecular genetics
Epigenetics
Messenger RNA
Transcription factor
Regulation of gene expression
Chromatin
Gene
health

Gene Expression Chapter 11 ? Differentiation yields a variety of cell types, each expressing a different combination of genes ? Different types of cells make different proteins because different combinations of genes are active in each type Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells Fiure 11.2 Differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential Most differentiated cells retain a complete set of genes Root of carrot plant Root cells cultured in nutrient medium Cell division in culture Plantlet Adult Plant Single cell Figure 11.3 DNA packing in eukaryotic chromosomes helps regulate gene expression ? A chromosome contains DNA wound around clusters of histone proteins ? This beaded fiber is further wound and folded

Bio_160_Lecture6

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Biology
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Biology
microbiology
Evolutionary biology
Genetics
evolution
Archaea
bacteria
Prokaryote
Microevolution
Gene
organism
Population genetics

How Populations Evolve Historical Theories ? Anaximander (~2500 yrs ago) ? Aristotle ? Georges Buffon (1700?s) ? Jean Baptist Lemark (late 1700?s - early1800?s) ? Erasmus Darwin Charles Darwin 18591874 Voyage of the HMS Beagle On the Origin of Species? ? Descent With Modification ? By means of Natural Selection Support for Descent with Modification ? Biogeography ? Fossil Record ? Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Cell Biology ? Comparative Anatomy ?Biogeography ? Biogeography, the geographic distribution of species ? Darwin noted that Gal?pagos animals resembled species of the South American mainland more than animals on similar but distant islands The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution

Bio_160_Lecture3

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Classical genetics
Molecular biology
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Gene
Chromosome
Dominance
Homologous chromosome
DNA
Mutation
health

Inheritance and DNA Cellular Basis of Reproduction & Inheritance ? Chapter 8 The cell cycle multiplies cells and consists of two major phases Figure 8.5 ? The stages of cell division Figure 8.6 (Part 1) Figure 8.6 (Part 2) Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells Figure 8.7A The binding of growth factors to specific receptors on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for cell division. Control systemG1 S G2M G1 checkpoint Plasma membrane Growth factor Receptor protein Relay proteins Signal transduction pathway Figure 8.9B ? Cancer cells divide excessively to form masses of cells called tumors ?Malignant tumors can invade other tissues Tumor Glandular tissue A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells invade

Ch03_Bio PPT

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Classical genetics
Molecular biology
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Gene
Chromosome
Dominance
Mutation
Meiosis
DNA
health

Inheritance and DNA Cellular Basis of Reproduction & Inheritance Chapter 8 The cell cycle multiplies cells and consists of two major phases Figure 8.5 The stages of cell division Figure 8.6 (Part 1) Figure 8.6 (Part 2) Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells Figure 8.7A The binding of growth factors to specific receptors on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for cell division. Control system G1 S G2 M G1 checkpoint Plasma membrane Growth factor Receptor protein Relay proteins Signal transduction pathway Figure 8.9B Cancer cells divide excessively to form masses of cells called tumors Malignant tumors can invade other tissues Tumor Glandular tissue A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue.

AP Biology Chapter 17 Notes Campbell/Reece

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
RNA
Protein biosynthesis
Gene expression
Spliceosome
Translation
Transfer RNA
Prokaryotic translation
Messenger RNA
Ribosome
Precursor mRNA

AP Biology Chapter 17 (17.3 and 17.4) 17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription RNA Processing: in the nucleus ? before it is sent out to the cytoplasm. both ends of the primary transcript are altered certain interior sections are cut out A. Alternation of mRNA Ends (Figure 17.9) Both ends of the mRNA are modified in a particular way 5prime end ? 5prime cap made of modified form of a Guanine nucleotide 3prime end ? poly A tail - 50 to 250 Adenine (A) nucleotides are added. Remember, the mRNA is released soon after the signal AAUAAA is transcribed. So even more A is added on after that. Functions of 5prime cap and poly A tail: facilitate export of the mature mRNA from the nucleus protect the mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes.

AP Biology Chapter 16 Notes Campbell/Reece

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Molecular biology
DNA Replication
Molecular genetics
DNA
Gene
Okazaki fragments
Chromatin
Transcription
RNA
Nucleotide excision repair
health

Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Essay questions will be on Feulgen, Griffith experiement, Hershey and Chase, Chargoff, Watson and Crick, Tatum Beadle Experiment Overview: Your genetic material is contained in: 1. 46 chromsomes from mom and dad 2. Mitochondrial DNA from mom Nucleic acids - Unique from all other molecules in that they can direct their own replication. 16.1 DNA is the genetic material A. The Search for Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry Initially, Genes were noted to be on chromosomes (b/c of work by Morgan an d Mendel) ? so people didn?t know if they were on the proteins or on the DNA. 1. Frederick Griffith (figure 16.2)? Showed evidence that DNA (not protein) can transform bacteria Background:

AP bio summer hw ch 4 questions

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
reproduction
Genetics
Molecular biology
fertility
Cloning
Gene
Asexual reproduction
Meiosis
sex
Chromosome
Gamete
health

AP Biology Summer Assignment Unit 4: Genetics Ch. 13- Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction and list the advantages and disadvantages of each type of reproduction. Also, describe the most significant differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Structure of DNA

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Biology
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Biology
Biophysicists
Molecular biologists
Genetics
Fellows of the Royal Society
Helices
Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Francis Crick
Erwin Chargaff
Maurice Wilkins
DNA
Rosalind Franklin

Discovery of the Structure of DNA On the last day of February in 1953, according to James Watson, Francis Crick announced to the patrons of the Eagle Pub in Cambridge, ?We have discovered the secret of life? (Watson 115, 1980). As Brian Hayes, the author of ?The Invention of the Genetic Code? states, ?If life ever had a secret, the double helix of DNA was surely it? (1). However, it was not the work of these two men alone that led to the discovery of the power the lies within the double helix, but rather the work of many scientists that was carefully picked apart and pieced together by the two who received the most fame for the work.

Summary of Chapter 26

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Phylogenetics
Genetics
Evolutionary biology
Molecular evolution
DNA
Homology
Molecular phylogenetics
evolution
Nucleic acid sequence
Phylogenetic tree
Species

Chapter 26 ? Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life Process of evolution ? the evolutionary mechanisms (from Unit 4) Pattern of Evolution ? observations of evolution?s products over time. (focus of this chapter) Phylogeny ? The evolutionary history of a species or group of species. Systematics - A discipline focues on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. Systematics uses data from fossils to molecules and genes to infer evolutionary relationships. (figure 26.2) 26.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships Taxonomy ? the scientific discipline of how organisms are named and classified. A. Binomial Nomeclature (Instituted by Linnaeus) Binomial: The two part format of the scientific name

Summary of Chapter 21

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Philosophy of biology
Noncoding DNA
Human genome
Gene
Genome
Unequal crossing over
DNA
Intron
Transposable element
Mutation
health

AP Biology Chapter 21 Genomes and Their Evolution Overview ? Reading the Leaves form the Tree of Life Scientists are now able to compare different species by comparing their DNA We have sequenced the full DNA of many different species now By comparing, we can: study the set of genes that control group defining characteristics Learn about the long evolutionary history of shared ancient genes and their products (by looking at the genome of more different species such as bacteria, fungi, etcs and comparing to animals/humans.) Genomics: The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions. Bioinformatics: a new field ? the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data.

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