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Biology

Reproduction in Human

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Biology
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Reproduction
Embryology
Fertility
Sexual reproduction
Biology
Midwifery
Human female reproductive system
Mammal female reproductive system
Blastocyst
Implantation
Prenatal development
Ovulation

P P T 2 REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS OBJECTIVE ? Describe the process of sexual reproduction ? Site of fertilization ? Role of cell division ? Significance of implantation and gestation 1 ?Ovulation 2 ? Fertilization 3 ? Implantation 1. OVULATION(DAY 0) ? Ovulation releases an egg, which enters the fallopian tube. ? Usually occurs on the 14th day from the beginning of menstruation. ? One egg is released every month by one of the ovaries. 2. FERTILIZATION ? Fertilisation occurs. A sperm enters the egg and the nuclei of the egg and the sperm fuses, forming a zygote. ? About 100 million sperms are released into the vagina. ? Only one sperm will fertilize the egg. ? Upon fertilization, the membrane of the egg

Respiratory System

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Biology
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Respiration
Respiratory physiology
Physiology
Biology
Muscles of the torso
Anatomy
Respiratory system
Exhalation
Medulla oblongata
Breathing
Lung
Inhalation

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SUMMARY Nitrogen 78% COMPOSITION OF AIR Oxygen 21% Argon 0.93% CO2 0.038% Others 0.008% INHALED & EXHALED AIR inhaled air nitrogen (78%) oxygen (20%) carbon dioxide (0.04%) Other gases exhaled air nitrogen (78%) oxygen (16%) carbon dioxide (4%) Other gases Exhaled air contains less O2, but much more CO2 Respiratory system Mechanical respiration Inhalation Exhalation Cellular respiration Glucose+O2?CO2+H2O+ATP(energy) Respiratory system Mechanical respiration Inhalation Exhalation Cellular respiration Glucose+O2?CO2+H2O+ATP(energy) MECHANICAL RES: INHALATION ? Also termed inspiration ? Diaphragm contracts and flattens. ? Internal intercostal muscles relaxes

Biology Fish Respiration

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Biology
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Fish anatomy
Respiratory system
Fish
Zoology
Biology
Aquatic ecology
Animal anatomy
Gill
Gas exchange
Fish physiology
Branchial arch
Operculum

Respiration in Fishes Objective ? Understand how gaseous exchange takes place in fish ? To outline similarities and differences between gaseous exchange in fish and in mammals How do fishes obtain sufficient O2 effectively? ? Dissolved oxygen in the water is around 5 ml of oxygen per Liter of water ? For land animals there is approximately 40 times more oxygen available at 210 ml of oxygen per liter of air we breathe External Anatomy Structure: Gills ? Gills are covered by the operculum ? Consist of the gill arch and the gill filaments. ? Each gill arch contains a large number of gill filaments ? Gill filaments has thin walls and are richly supplied with blood capillaries. Gill ventilation

Biology Lung

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Biology
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Respiration
Physiology
Zoology
Respiratory physiology
Biology
Respiratory system
Lung
Exhalation
Inhalation
Thorax
Thoracic diaphragm
Breathing

THE ?LUNG ? MODEL ? OBJECTIVES ?? To create a lung model to show the effects of inhalation and exhalation and the effects of respiratory diseases on the function of lungs. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. ?Trachea ? 2. ?Lungs ? 3. ?Diaphragm ? RECAP ?I: ?INHALATION ? 1.?Diaphragm ? contracts ?and ? ?a?ns ? 2.?Rib ?cage ?moves ?up ? and ?out ? ? ?? Thoracic ?cavity ? enlarges ? ?? Lower ?pressure ? within ?the ?lungs ? ?? Air ?enters ?the ? lungs ? RECAP ?II: ?EXHALATION ? 1.?Diaphragm ?relaxes ? and ?moves ?up ? 2.?Rib ?cage ?moves ? ? down ?and ?in. ? ? ?? Rib ?cage ?presses ? on ?the ?lungs ? ?? Air ?is ?forced ?out ?

Ap bio cell respiration4 ppt

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Biology
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Cellular respiration
Biology
Biochemistry
Cell biology
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
Crista
Mitochondrion
Cytochrome c oxidase
Adenosine triphosphate
Intermembrane space

Cellular Respiration Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain Cellular respiration What?s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP ATP accounting so far? Glycolysis ? 2 ATP Kreb?s cycle ? 2 ATP Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP! A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second There?s got to be a better way! I need a lot more ATP! There is a better way! Electron Transport Chain series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane along cristae transport proteins & enzymes transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose! only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration) O2 That sounds more like it! Mitochondria Double membrane outer membrane inner membrane

Ap bio cell respiration3 ppt

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Biology
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Cellular respiration
Biology
Biochemistry
Metabolism
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
Adenosine triphosphate
Acetyl-CoA
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrial matrix
Electron transport chain
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Overview 10 reactions convert glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C) produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH consumes: 2 ATP net: 2 ATP & 2 NADH glucose C-C-C-C-C-C fructose-1,6bP P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P DHAP P-C-C-C G3P C-C-C-P pyruvate C-C-C ATP 2 ADP 2 ATP 4 ADP 4 NAD+ 2 2 2Pi 2Pi 2H Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3: Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle Glycolysis is only the start Glycolysis Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation of sugar to CO2 pyruvate ? ? ? ? ? ? CO2 2x 6C 3C glucose ? ? ? ? ? pyruvate 3C 1C Cellular respiration Mitochondria ??Structure Double membrane energy harvesting organelle smooth outer membrane highly folded inner membrane cristae

Ap bio cell respiration2 ppt

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Biology
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Biochemistry
Biology
Chemistry
Cellular respiration
Metabolism
Exercise physiology
Organophosphates
Metabolic pathways
Glycolysis
Substrate-level phosphorylation
1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid
Ethanol fermentation

Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis What?s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP Glycolysis Breaking down glucose ?glyco ? lysis? (splitting sugar) ancient pathway which harvests energy where energy transfer first evolved transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration but it?s inefficient generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose occurs in cytosol glucose ? ? ? ? ? pyruvate 2x 6C 3C In the cytosol? Why does that make evolutionary sense? That?s not enough ATP for me! Evolutionary perspective Prokaryotes first cells had no organelles Anaerobic atmosphere life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in atmosphere energy had to be captured from organic molecules in absence of O2

Ap bio cell respiration1 ppt

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Cellular respiration
Biochemistry
Redox
Electron transport chain
Bioenergetics
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Anaerobic respiration
Cofactor
Metabolism

Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP What?s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP Harvesting stored energy Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats, proteins Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules ? food digest organic molecules to get? raw materials for synthesis fuels for energy controlled release of energy ?burning? fuels in a series of step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions Harvesting stored energy Glucose is the model catabolism of glucose to produce ATP C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2 ? + + + CO2 + H2O + heat fuel (carbohydrates) COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat) ATP glucose

Ap bio Cell organelles ppt

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Biology
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Anatomy
Biology
Cell biology
Organelles
Membrane biology
Vesicles
Plant anatomy
Cell membrane
Cell
Endoplasm
Cytoplasm
Eukaryote

2009-2010AP Biology Cells & Cell OrganellesDoing Life?s Work Regents Biology bacteriacellsTypes of cells animal cells plant cells Prokaryote- no organelles Eukaryotes- organelles Regents Biology Cell size comparison Bacterial cellAnimal cell ? micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter? diameter of human hair = ~20 microns most bacteria? 1-10 micronseukaryotic cells ? 10-100 microns Regents Biology Why study cells?? Cells ? Tissues ? Organs ? Bodies? bodies are made up of cells? cells do all the work of life! Regents Biology

Ap bio Organic Chemistry ppt

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Biology
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Chemistry
Biology
Nature
Molecular biology
Genetics
Biotechnology
Polymer chemistry
Biochemistry
Backbone chain
Nucleic acid
Biomolecule
Metabolism

Organic Compounds The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Biological Molecules The study of carbon compounds, organic chemistry, focuses on any compound with carbon (organic compounds) Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter from inorganic material are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to atoms of other elements Carbon Atoms Carbon is building block of molecules Carbon has 4 valence electrons Can form 4 covalent bonds Tetravalence by carbon makes large, complex molecules possible Carbon Skeletons Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules The skeletons may vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings. The carbon skeletons may include double bonds.

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