DNA Extraction Lab
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The procedure and materials needed for DNA Extraction: Step 1: Blend ? a cup of banana (100 ml) 1/8 table salt (less than 1 ml) 1 cup cold water (200 ml)
Molecular biology
The procedure and materials needed for DNA Extraction: Step 1: Blend ? a cup of banana (100 ml) 1/8 table salt (less than 1 ml) 1 cup cold water (200 ml)
Replication Simulation
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AP Biology: DNA Replication Lab You will use simulations to demonstrate the structure and replication of DNA in this laboratory exercise. As you have studied, the genetic information for living organisms is stored in the structure of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA). Our DNA molecules carry the genetic code for inherited characteristics in the triplet-coded sequences of its nitrogen bases. Each time a cell divides, its DNA is precisely duplicated (DNA replication) so that the DNA of the cells formed is identical to that of the original cell.
Recombination
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Mechanisms of Bacterial Genetic Recombination Genetic Transfer Genetic transfer is the mechanism by which DNA is transferred from a donar to a recipient. In bacteria genetic transfer can happen three ways: Transformation Transduction Conjugation A recombination event must occur after transfer in order that the change in the genome be heritable (passed on to the next generation). Transformation After death or cell lyses, some bacteria release their DNA into the environment. Other bacteria, generally of the same species, can come into contact with these fragments, take them up and incorporate them into their DNA by recombination. This method of transfer is the process of transformation. Any DNA that is not integrated into the chromosome will be degraded.
Exploring Protein Structure
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EXPLORING PROTEIN STRUCTURE Discuss the properties of the following fibrous proteins in relation to their structure and function: Collagen Fibroin Keratin Some globular proteins, such as actin, can link together to form filaments. Discuss the importance of this property for cells. Discuss how the microtubules of the cell cytoskeleton form. Relate this structure to the function of the cell cytoskeleton. Enzymes are globular proteins that catalyse reactions in a highly specific manner. Discuss how catalase increases the rate of reaction for removing hydrogen peroxide from cells so it does not reach toxic levels.
Types of chromatin
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Chromatin: Types of chromatin Chromatin In non-dividing cells, the DNA exists as chromatin and appears uncoiled and randomly dispersed After DNA replication (S phase) the chromatin begins to condense in preparation for mitosis Chromatin consists of 50% DNA, 50% proteins, mainly histones Chromatin is the structure that the eukaryotic genome is packaged into It allows long molecules of DNA to fit into the small volume of the nucleus The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome Further folding and compaction of chromatin produces visible metaphase chromosomes during cell division Heterochromatin vs Euchromatin Euchromation Active Chromatin The majority of chromatin is this form Less condensed, lightly packed in the nucleus (basic ?beads on a string? form ?check)
Chapter 18 Bio
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Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Revolution Overview: Reading the Leaves from the Tree of Life ? Complete genome sequences exist for a human, chimpanzee, E. coli and numerous other prokaryotes, corn, fruit fly, house mouse, orangutan, and others ? Comparisons of genomes among organisms provide information about the evolutionary history of genes and taxonomic groups ?Genomics is the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions ? Bioinformatics is the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data Concept 18.1: The Human Genome Project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing techniques ? The Human Genome Project officially began in 1990, and the sequencing was largely completed by 2003
Chapter 17 Bio
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Chapter: 17 Viruses Overview: A Borrowed Life ? A virus is an infectious particle consisting of little more than genes packaged into a protein coat ? Viruses lead ?a kind of borrowed life?, existing in a shady area between life-forms and chemicals. ? Viruses called bacteriophages can infect and set in motion a genetic takeover of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. ? A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. ? Virus lack the metabolic machinery found in a cell, thus they can?t reproduce or carry out metabolism. Concept 17.1 A virus consist of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat ? Virus smaller than a ribosome and even the largest virus is barely visible under light Microscope ? Some viruses can be crystalized
From Gene to Protein
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Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein Concepts 17.5 ? 6 are not required knowledge from the AP Exam and are intentionally omitted. Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information the information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands the DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, gene expression, includes two stages: transcription and translation the ribosome is part of the cellular machinery for translation, polypeptide synthesis Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation Evidence from the Metabolic Defects
Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
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Chapter 18: Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria Concept 18.2 is not required knowledge for the AP Exam and has been intentionally omitted. Overview: Microbial Model Systems viruses called bacteriophages can infect and set in motion a genetic takeover of bacteria E. coli and its viruses are called model systems because of their frequent use by researches in studies that reveal broad biological principles beyond their value as model systems, viruses and bacteria have unique genetic mechanisms that are interesting in their own right bacteria are prokaryotes with cells much smaller and more simply organized than those of eukaryotes viruses are smaller and simpler still Concept 18.1: A virus has a genome but can reproduce only within a host cell
AP BIO Chapter 05
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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules In Chapter 5, the principles of chemistry covered in earlier chapters are applied to the understanding of biological polymers and lipid membranes. The emphasis is on properly linking monomers and their polymers, and on the structural and functional diversity of the different polymer types. Particular attention is given to protein structure, because this is central to understanding subsequent chapters on metabolism, molecular biology, and molecular medicine. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Humans and mice differ because A) their cells have different small organic molecules. B) their cells make different types of large biological molecules.
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