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AP World History Flashcards

6988349891	humans and environment before 8000 BCE	Migration out of Africa, ice ages to 10,000-9000 BCE	0
6988353144	humans and environment neolithic era	Erosion and overgrazing caused by pastoralism, irrigation and forest clearing caused by agriculture	1
6988357071	humans and environment bronze age	Mining, water control systems (irrigation, canals), forest and swamp clearing and terracing of hillsides, Bantu and Indo-European migrations	2
6988361459	humans and environment iron age	Bantu and Indo-European migrations continue	3
6988367727	development and interaction of cultures before 8000 BCE	Cave painting and rock art, early music and storytelling, burial of dead, ancestor veneration, animism, shamans, use of fire, weaving and pottery	4
6988372050	development and interaction of cultures neolithic era	ancestor veneration and shamanism, polytheism, hoes and plows, weaving and pottery, wheel and wheeled vehicles	5
6988374486	development and interaction of cultures bronze age	Gilgamesh Epic Egyptian Book of the Dead, Rig Veda, early recordkeeping (cuneiform, hieroglyphs, pictographs), Vedism, Hebrew monotheism, calendars, astronomy, mathematics, urban planning (streets, sewers, walls), monumental architecture (temples, palaces, ziggurats, pyramids), metallurgy (bronze, limited use of iron), horse riding, chariots, bows and arrows	6
6988387604	development and interaction of cultures iron age	Iliad and Odyssey, more recordkeeping (alphabet, quipu), Zoroastrianism, metallurgy	7
6988395183	state building before 8000 BCE	No organized states	8
6988395896	state building neolithic era	Villages and other organized communities, early city-states	9
6988397024	state building bronze age	Mesopotamia, Code of Ur-Nammu and Code of Hammurabi, Egypt, Mohenjo-Dara and Harappa, Shang China, empires, use of religion to legitimize political rule	10
6988402116	state building iron age	Olmec, Chavín, Zhou China, origins of "mandate of heaven" concept, feudalism, bureaucracies	11
6988407864	economic systems before 8000 BCE	Hunting and foraging, barter and limited trade	12
6988408922	economic systems neolithic era	Hunting and foraging, domestication of animals gives rise to nomadic pastoralism, domestication of plants gives rise to early agriculture, early regional trade networks	13
6988412363	economic systems bronze age	Agriculture spreads, trade networks become regional and transregional, slavery emerges (household servitude and hard labor), Mesopotamian-Indus trade, Mesopotamian-Egyptian trade, Nubian-Egyptian trade, Phoenician trade in the Mediterranean	14
6988420781	economic systems iron age	Agriculture spreads further, regional and transregional trade networks become more extensive, coins first used as currency	15
6988424761	social structures before 8000 BCE	Family and kin-based units (limited hierarchy), limited gender division of labor	16
6988427228	social structures neolithic era	Some degree of hierarchy and gender division of labor arises from pastoralism, labor specialization and gender hierarchy and social stratification thanks to food surpluses, the first cities	17
6988433558	social structures bronze age	More villages and cities, hierarchies and elite classes (religious and political) become more complex, artisan and warrior classes emerge, caste systems appear in certain societies, gender division of labor deepens, patriarchalism becomes more common, slaves come to occupy the bottom ranks of hierarchical societies	18
6988438909	social structures iron age	Hierarchies continue	19
6993474685	humans and the environment europe and the mediterranean	Environmental impact of city building and intensive agriculture (deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, silted rivers), appearance of smallpox and bubonic plague, aqueducts and water wheels	20
6993482520	humans and the environment middle east	City building and intensive agriculture, smallpox and bubonic plague, qanats and water wheels	21
6993489026	humans and the environment africa	City building and intensive agriculture, Bantu migration continues	22
6993493132	humans and environment east (and central) asia	City building and intensive agriculture, smallpox and bubonic plague	23
6993498644	humans and environment south (and southeast) asia and oceania	City building and agriculture, smallpox and bubonic plague, Polynesian migrations continue	24
6993501042	humans and environment americas	City building and agriculture, hillside terracing, "floating islands"	25
6993505056	development and interaction of cultures europe and mediterranean	Greco-Roman philosophy, science, and empiricism, Greek drama, Greek and Latin as classical languages, architecture (columns, domes, Parthenon, Pantheon), wheeled vehicles and saddles and pack animals	26
6993512621	cultures middle east	Formalization of Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, architecture (Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Great Library of Alexandria), dhow and lateen sail, wheeled vehicles and saddles and pack animals	27
6993519273	cultures africa	Ancestor veneration, dhow and lateen sail (monsoon winds), saddles and pack animals (camels)	28
6993526895	cultures east and central asia	Ancestor veneration, Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, Mandarin Chinese as classical language, paper and woodblock printing, architecture (Great Wall of China, grid layout of cities, pagodas), horse collar and stirrup, wheeled vehicles and saddles and pack animals, Chinese junk	29
6993535873	cultures south and southeast asia and oceania	Hinduism from Vedism, Buddhism, Indian epics, Sanskrit as classical language, "Arabic" numerals, pi, and zero, wheeled vehicles and saddles and pack animals, dhow and lateen sail (monsoon winds)	30
6993543308	cultures americas	Polytheism (human sacrifice), ancestor veneration, Mayan hieroglyphs and calendar (concept of zero), quipu, architecture (pyramids), saddles and pack animals	31
6993550631	state building europe and the mediterranean	Phoenicia, Greece, Hellenistic empire, Roman Republic and Roman Empire, frontier nomads (Asiatic and Germanic barbarians), bureaucracy (proconsuls, monarchies, and oligarchies), republic and democracy	32
6993558527	state building middle east	Phoenicia, Persia, Hellenistic empire, Rome, bureaucracy (satraps), monarchies	33
6993562307	state building africa	Hellenistic empire, Ghana	34
6993564513	state building east and central asia	Qin China, Han China, frontier nomads (Xiongnu), bureaucracy (civil-service examinations), China's tributary system	35
6993572888	state building south and southeast asia and oceania	Mauryan Empire, Gupta Empire, frontier nomads (White Huns), bureaucracy (agricultural tax)	36
6993575586	state building americas	Teotihuacan, the Maya, Moche	37
6993578480	economic systems europe and the mediterranean	Mediterranean trade network, standard currencies, wieghts, and measures, slavery and corvée, intensive agriculture (wheat)	38
6993581992	economic systems middle east	Mediterranean trade network, Silk Road, trans-Saharan caravan routes, standard currencies, weights, and measures, slavery, agriculture (wheat)	39
6993587743	economic systems africa	Trans-Saharan caravan routes, Indian Ocean trade network, Mediterranean trade network, slavery	40
6993598530	economic systems east and central asia	Silk Road, Indian Ocean trade network, standard currencies, weights, and measures, slavery, agriculture	41
6993602897	economic systems south and southeast asia and oceania	Indian Ocean trade network, standard currencies, weights, and measures, slavery, agriculture (rice)	42
6993606719	economic systems americas	Mita labor obligation, agriculture (corn, potatoes)	43
6993610645	social structures europe and the mediterranean	Cities (Athens, Rome, Constantinople), class diversification, patriarchalism (paterfamilias), plebeians vs. patricians	44
6993616049	social structures middle east	Cities (Alexandria, Persepolis, Constantinople), class diversification, caste system (Persian), patriarchalism, diaspora community (Jews)	45
6993621801	social structures africa	Cities (Carthage, East African ports, Alexandria), patriarchalism	46
6993629141	social structures east and central asia	Cities (Chang'an), class diversification, patriarchalism (especially encouraged by Confucianism)	47
6993635364	social structures south and southeast asia and oceania	Cities (Pataliputra), caste system (Law of Manu), patriarchalism (sati ritual), diaspora communities (minorities in Indian Ocean trade network)	48
6993642377	social structures americas	Cities (Teotihuacan), ayllu clans	49

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AP World History Vocabs Flashcards

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7090480122	annexation	The act of adding to something larger, especially the incorporation of new territory into the domain of a city, country, or state.	0
7090480976	aristocracy	A class of persons holding exceptional rank and privileges, especially the hereditary nobility.	1
7090483579	autocracy	Government in which one person has uncontrolled or unlimited authority over others; the government or power of an absolute monarch.	2
7090487544	bourgeoisie	A class that consists of persons whose political, economic, and social opinions are believed to be determined mainly by concern for property values and conventional respectability. the middle class.	3
7090489139	bronze and iron metallurgy	The technique of making and compounding alloys (a substance composes of two or more materials). In this case, to create bronze and iron alloys compose of many different metal substances.	4
7090493871	bureaucracy	A government consists of bodies of officials, administrators, and departments.	5
7090494447	capitalism	An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations. Another term for this is Market Economy.	6
7090494994	caste system	A rigid system of hereditary social distinctions which has pre-modern origin in India.	7
7090495480	cartel	An international syndicate, combine, or trust formed especially to regulate prices and output in some field of business.	8
7090495844	centralized government	A government in which the authority and responsibility of governing rests with a small group at the highest level.	9
7090497057	city-state	A city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.	10
7090497557	civilization	1. An advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached. Or those people or nations that have reached such a state. 2. Cities or populated areas in general.	11
7090497961	coercive labor	A forced labor system as in slavery or an indentured laborer (a slave guaranteed freedom after service).	12
7090498405	command economy	A socialist economic system in which production and distribution of goods and services are controlled by the government and industry is mostly publicly owned.	13
7090498406	commodities	Something of use, advantage, or value (goods and products).	14
7090499071	communism	A system of social organization in which all economic and social activity is controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by a single and self-perpetuating political party.	15
7090500234	coup d'etat	A sudden and decisive action in politics, especially one resulting in a change of government illegally or by force.	16
7090500980	cultural diffusion	The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. Such as through different ethnicities, religions and nationalities.	17
7090502043	decentralized government	A type of government that disperses power over a legislative body instead of maintaining power among a few individuals. There's the existence of several smaller governing bodies, which are elected through voting and have the power to exercise political decision-making at a local level.	18
7090502498	democracy	Government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.	19
7090502499	diasporas	The scattering of the Jews to countries outside of Palestine after the Babylonian captivity.	20
7090505779	dynasty	A sequence of rulers from the same family, stock, or group.	21
7090506305	empire	A group of nations or peoples ruled over by an emperor, empress, or other powerful sovereign or government: usually a territory of greater extent than a kingdom.	22
7090506716	entrepreneurship	The process of designing, launching and running a new business, which typically begins as a small business, such as a startup company, offering a product, process or service for sale or hire.	23
7090507103	ethnocentrism	The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture.	24
7090507964	extended family system	A type of family in which relatives in addition to parents and children (such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins) live in a single household.	25
7090508295	feudalism	The political, military, and social system in the Middle Ages, based on the holding of lands in exchange for service or labor between king and vassals.	26
7090509261	filial piety	The important virtue and primary duty of respect, obedience, and care for one's parents and elderly family members.	27
7090509971	genocide	The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.	28
7090510962	globalization	Growth to a global or worldwide scale.	29
7090511567	hegemony	Leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over others, as in a confederation.	30
7090513187	ideology	The body of doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group.	31
7090514318	infrastructure	The fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools.	32
7090514739	interdependence	The quality or condition of being mutually reliant on each other.	33
7090514740	market economy	A capitalistic economic system in which there is free competition and prices are determined by the interaction of supply and demand.	34
7090516221	matriarchy	A form of social organization in which the mother is head of the family, and in which descent is reckoned in the female line, the children belonging to the mother's clan.	35
7090516222	mercantilism	Practices engaged in trade and commerce.	36
7090518692	monotheism	The belief in one god.	37
7090519877	nationalism	Devotion and loyalty to one's own country; patriotism.	38
7090520527	nation-state	A sovereign state inhabited by a relatively homogeneous group of people who share a feeling of common nationality.	39
7090521005	nuclear family system	A family unit composed of two parents and one or more children.	40
7090522346	pastoralism	The practice of herding as the primary economic activity of a society.	41
7090522856	patriarchal	Characteristic of a form of social organization in which the male is the family head and title is traced through the male line.	42
7090523236	periodization	An act or instance of dividing a subject into historical eras for purposes of analysis and study.	43
7090523237	polytheism	The belief in many gods.	44
7090524063	pre-Columbian	Of or relating to the Americas before the arrival of Columbus.	45
7090524064	primary source	An artifact, a document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, a recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study.	46
7090525051	proletariat	The class of wage earners who earn their living by manual labor or dependent for support on daily or casual employment; the working class.	47
7090526250	scholar-gentry	Civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912.	48
7090527042	secondary source	Any source of information that was created later by someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the events or conditions you're researching.	49
7090527498	secular	Worldly	50
7090527974	Silk Road	An ancient network of trade routes that connected regions of Eurasia and the East and West and stretching from the Korean peninsula and Japan to the Mediterranean Sea.	51
7090529467	sinification	A process whereby non-Han Chinese societies come under the influence of Han Chinese state and society.	52
7090529861	slavery	The keeping of slaves as a practice or institution.	53
7090529862	social stratification	A society's categorization of people into socioeconomic strata, based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power (social and political).	54
7090530807	hierarchy	Any system of persons or things ranked one above another.	55
7090530808	socialism	An economic system based on state ownership of capital.	56
7090531477	specialization of labor	A powerful force in an economy, benefiting small and large businesses alike. Workers produce more when they occupy specialized roles, so businesses can offer higher quality products at lower prices.	57
7090532260	terrace farming	A type of farming involves the use of steps that are built into the side of a mountain or hill and contain planted crops.	58

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AP Language and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

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7201387537	Allusion	Reference to something which the author assumes their audience is knowledgeable about. Eg. "Chocolate is her Achilles' heel."	0
7201387538	Argumentation	Providing a point/thesis/claim and supporting it with evidence and reasoning.	1
7201387539	Diction	Word choice throughout a work. Eg. "shrill shriek" instead of "high-pitched yell" to make scream "sound" inhuman and/or scarier.	2
7201387540	Exposition/Expository Writing	Writing with a goal of teaching or informing. Eg. A school textbook.	3
7201387541	Figurative language	Umbrella term for language whose meaning differs from it's actual content. Eg. a metaphor.	4
7201387542	Hyperbole	An obviously wild exaggeration. Eg. "He's like four meters tall!"	5
7201387543	Imagery	Using words and phrases that appeal to the five senses. Eg. "The blade hummed and she pulled it from the sheath, oscillating as she drew it and stood ready. The stench of fresh blood hit her nose like a bullet."	6
7201387544	Irony	When the opposite of what is expected occurs.	7
7201426078	Situational Irony	When efforts to an end produce the opposite affect. Eg. Yung Mazi, an Atlanta rapper who claimed to have been shot multiple times and previously said "God made me bulletproof" was shot and killed on August 6th of this year.	8
7201426354	Verbal Irony	Expressing an idea by stating the opposite. Eg. "Not like I cared or anything."	9
7201426355	Dramatic Irony	When the audience has more knowledge about the situation than the protagonist, causing them to realize that the protagonist makes the wrong decision because of their lack of knowledge.	10
7201387545	Metaphor	Comparison equating two things without "like" or "as." Eg. "Ben is a bear."	11
7201387546	Oxymoron	Two or more close-to-antonyms put together as a compound word. Eg. "civil war," "model prisoner," or "sophomore" (a more subtle oxymoron; sophos means wisdom and more means fool in Greek).	12
7201387547	Paradox	A sentence, phrase or concept that contradicts itself. Eg. "I never tell the truth."	13
7201387548	Parallelism	Repetition of sound, meter, or meaning. Eg. "Like father, like son."	14
7201387549	Parody	A work created to mimic and exaggerate attributes of another work for comedic effect. Eg. "Weird Al" Yankovic's Smells Like Nirvana, a parody of Nirvana's Smells Like Teen Spirit.	15
7201387550	Personification	Giving inanimate objects characteristics of living things. Eg. The box screamed "OPEN ME!"	16
7201387551	Point of View/Perspective	Type of narration employed by the author. (1st, 2nd, 3rd limited/omniscient) Eg. "What is that?" he inquired. (3rd person)	17
7201387552	Rhetoric	Effective persuasion through speech or writing.	18
7201387553	Simile	Comparison equating two things using "like" or "as." Eg. "He's about as sane as Jack the Ripper was."	19
7201387554	Style	Technique an author uses to convey a message. (Using diction, tone, etc.)	20
7201387555	Analogy	Comparison between two things for the purpose of explanation. Eg. Comparing the structure of an atom to the structure of our solar system, providing a way for someone learning to relate it to what they know.	21
7201387556	Anecdote	Short and interesting nonfictional story, often used to explain or introduce a topic.	22
7201387557	Ethos	Credibility and authority on the topic about with the author is arguing. Eg. Starting an argument with "According to Professor _______ of Carnegie Melon, [...]"	23
7201387558	Logos	Appealing to the logical part of the brain (using statistics and facts to convince the audience). Eg. Argument against using fossil fuels by stating the amount of carbon compounds like CO and CO2 produced annually.	24
7201387559	Pathos	Appealing to emotions to convince the audience. Eg. Pitying a stereotypically poor nation or region's children as a way to convince your child to eat their dinner.	25
7201387560	Colloquialism	A word/phrase found in the vernacular (of a particular area). Eg. "I'm gonna go eat some lunch," meaning "I'm going to go eat some lunch."	26
7201387561	Connotation	The thoughts and feelings that accompany a word, regardless of its denotation. Eg. Mob vs. Crowd.	27
7201387562	Logical Fallacy	An error in reasoning that weakens an argument. Eg. Cherry-picked evidence.	28
7201387563	Sarcasm	A type of verbal irony often used to mock. Eg. "Cassius is an honorable man."	29
7201387564	Satire	Use of exaggeration to expose and criticize systems, people, organizations, etc. Eg. Flying Spaghetti Monsterism.	30
7201387565	Tone	Attitude/perspective of the author towards a subject.	31
7201387566	Allegory	A work with a hidden (usually political/moral) meaning. Eg. Animal Farm.	32
7201387567	Anaphora	Deliberate repetition of the beginning of a sentence to create a desired effect. Eg. "Do you like Green eggs and ham?" "I do not like them, Sam-I-am. I do not like Green eggs and ham."	33
7201387568	Thesis/Claim	A specific opinion on an issue/controversy. Eg. "It is in the hands of the government to regulate corporations to prevent pollution, not the consumer."	34
7201387569	Cliché	Common phrases that have, over the decades, become overused and frowned upon. Eg. "Nails on a chalkboard," used to describe an annoyance.	35
7201387570	Genre	Categories in art, grouped because of similar form or topic. Eg. Horror, comedy, romance, etc.	36
7201387571	Rhetorical question	A question not meant to be answered, but instead to simply be thought about by the audience. Eg. "Are you INSANE?"	37
7201387572	Syntax	Structural patterns that make a language.	38
7201387573	Alliteration	Repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words. Eg. The smell of waffles wafting down the hall."	39
7201387574	Consonance	Repetition of consonant sounds in close proximity. Eg. Chuckling as she kicked Chuck's toy car, she heard the crack as it broke in half.	40
7201387575	Denotation	The denotation of "denotation" is the literal "dictionary definition" of a word.	41
7201387576	Motif	A common and reoccurring symbol/aspect in a literary work.	42
7201387577	Antithesis	Two opposite ideas are put into the same sentence for a desired effect. Eg. Speech is silver, but silence is gold.	43
7201387578	Deduction	Inferring based on a lack of other possibilities (after ruling out said possibilities). Eg. "Since I only have one suspect, they must be the killer!"	44
7201387579	Induction	Using facts to find an answer (instead of simply ruling out possibilities). Eg. "This suspect's fingerprints were found on the knife, and they have confessed. They must be the killer!"	45
7201387580	Dialect	Verbal variation of a language, usually native to a certain region. Eg. Hawaiian Pidgin English.	46
7201387581	Didactic	For educational purposes, often trying to teach a moral lesson.	47
7201387582	Inference	Making conclusions based on reasoning and evidence.	48
7201387583	Elegy	Poem of reflection, often lamenting the dead.	49
7201387584	Jargon	Terms specific to a profession, usually unknown to the average person. Eg. "Your objection is sustained."	50
7201387585	Prose	The ordinary form of the language (without metrical structure, rhyming, etc.) Eg. This definition is written in prose.	51

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AP World History Chapter 4 Flashcards

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4966088567	Iran	Land of the Aryans	0
4966088568	Iran links	Western Asia with southern and Central Asia	1
4966088569	Sixth century B.C.E	Persians (southwest) created largest empire	2
4966088570	Mesopotamian culture	Introduced Iranian elements and developed new forms of political and economic organization	3
4966088571	Little written material within Persian empire...	Forced to view it through the Greek's eyes	4
4966088572	Greeks were	Ignorant, hostile and interested mostly in events that affected themselves (leaving us less informed about Persian empire)	5
4966088573	Iran is surrounded by	Zargos, Afghanistan and Caucasus Mountains, Caspian sea and the Baluchistan desert	6
4966088574	Northeast was less protected by natural borders causing	Open attacks by nomads from Central Asia to Iran	7
4966088575	Fundamental features of Iran	-high mountains -salt deserts -mountain streams draining into salt lakes and marshes	8
4966088576	Iran NEVER had	A dense population	9
4966088577	Best watered and most populous parts of Iran were	In the north and the west	10
4966088578	Great Salt Desert and Baluchistan are	INHOSPITABLE	11
4966088579	First millenium B.C.E	Irrigation enabled people to move down from mountain valleys to plains to cultivate	12
4966088580	Prevent evaporation of water in hot,dry climate	Underground irrigation channels (vertical shifts)	13
4966088590	Iran's mineral resources	Copper,tin,iron,gold an silver were exploited on limited scale	14
4966088581	Human survival depended on	Ecological balance, and buildup of salt in soil or falling water	15
4966088582	Mountain slopes provided	Fuel and materials for building and crafts	16
4966088583	Referenced as "Iranians" since	Spoke related languages and shared cultural features	17
4966088584	Medes	First to achieve complex level of political organization	18
4966088585	Medes settled in	Northwest and under influence of centers in Mesopotamia and Urartu	19
4966088586	Medes played role in	Destruction of Assyrian Empire in 17 century	20
4966088587	Median kings extended control	Across Assyria into Anatolia and southeast toward Persian gulf	21
4966088588	Southeast of Persian Gulf	Region of Persians	22
4966088589	Persian rulers	Called Achaemenids because are traced to lineage back to Achaemenes	23
4966144340	Achaemenes	Cemented relationship with Median court through marriage	24
4966144341	Cyrus	Son of Persian chieftain and Median Princess	25
4966144342	Cyrus united	Persian tribes and overthrew Median monarch 550 B.C.E	26
4966144343	Cyrus victory caused	Medes and Persians in position of responsibility and retained framework of Median rule	27
4966144344	Early habitants of WESTERN IRAN had a	Patriarchal family organization: male head of house and authority over family	28
4966527229	Society divided into 3 social and occupational clases	1. Warriors 2. Priests 3. Peasants	29
4966527230	Landowning Aristocracy	Took pleasure in hunting, fighting and gardening	30
4966527231	King was most	Illustrious member of group	31
4966527232	Priests or Magi	Ritual specialists who supervised proper performance of sacrifices	32
4966527233	Peasants	Common people; village-based farmers and shepherds	33
4966527234	Cyrus redrew	Map of western Asia	34
4966527235	546 B.C.E.	Cyrus Defeated Lydia, ALL of Anatolia (grey city-states too)	35
4966527236	539 B.C.E.	Cyrus overthrew Neo-Babylon dynasty	36
4966527237	Cyrus showed respect to	Babylonian priesthood and native traditions	37
4966527238	530 B.C.E	Cyrus dies while campaigning against Nomadic Iranians in northeast	38
4966527239	Son, Cambyses	Set on Egypt	39
4966527240	After Persians battles..	Sent exploratory expeditions to Nubia and Lybia	40
4966527241	(Greek Sources) Cambyses was	Cruel and impious madman but documents from	41
4966527242	(Egyptian Sources) Cambyses was	Just like father, cultivating local priests and notables and respecting native traditions	42
4966527243	522 B.C.E	Cambyses dies, Darius I takes over.	43
4966527244	Darius I	Extended Persian control to Indus Valley into Europe, he bridged Danube River and chased Scythian away (made largest empire)	44
4966527245	Persians made	Forts in Thrace by 500 B.C.E were at Greece	45
4966527246	Darius promoted	Development of maritime routes(told fleet to explore waters from Indus Delta to Red Sea)	46
4966527247	Darius completed	Canal linking Red Sea and Nile	47
4966527248	Darius divided empire into	20 provinces each under supervision of Persian SATRAP	48
4966527249	Satrap	Governor, related or connected by marriage to royal familt	49
4966527250	Satrap's courts	Mini version of royal court	50
4966527253	Position of satrap became hereditary meaning	Satraps' fam lived in province governed by their head	51
4966527251	Head acquired	Knowledge about local conditions and formed connections with local elite	52
4966527252	Farther the province from center of empire	More autonomy satrap had since slow communications	53
4966667420	Satrap important duties	Collect nd send tribute to king	54
4966667421	Darius prescribed	How much metal each province was to send annually (some for necessary expenditures, others hoarded)	55
4966667422	Metal taken out of circulation	Price of gold and silver rise and provinces find it hard to meet quotas (Babylonian sources)	56
4966667423	Economic downturn caused by	Increasing burden of taxation and corruption	57
4966667424	Provinces connected to empire by	Maintained and patrolled royal roads	58
4966667425	Stations built to	Receive important travelers and couriers carrying official correspondence	59
4966667426	Military garrisons	controlled strategic points like mountain passes, river crossings	60
4966667427	King had	Lots of children and wives	61
4966667428	Women of royal family	Could become pawns in struggle for power (Darius married two daughters and one granddaughter)	62
4966667429	Persian queens were (greek sources)	Vicious intrigues, poisoning rival wives and plotting to win thrones of their sons	63
4966667430	Persian women ACTUALLY	Protect. Fam and mediate conflicts	64
4966667431	Persian elite women were (greek sources)	Politically influential, possessed substantial property, traveled and prominent on public occasions	65
4966667432	King and court moved with seasons	Living in great tents on road and in palaces in capitals of Mesopotamia and Iran	66
4966673716	Kings entourage included	1. Son of persian aristocrats (educated in court and hostages to parents. 2.noblemen (attend king when not engaged) 3.central administration (officials, employees of treasury etc) 4.royal bodyguard 5.courtiers and slaves 6.royal fam	67
4966698751	King became	Figure of majesty and splendor	68
4966702341	King referred to everyone as	"My slaves" and none that approached him must bow down to him	69
4966708322	King owned	Huge tracts of land. He donated to supporters and some were called 'bow land", "horse land" and "chariot land" obliged recipient to provide military servicd\e	70
4966732470	Paradayadam,paradise	Land advertised prosperity that king could bring to those who loyally serve him	71
4966748771	Government officials distributed	Food and other commodities to large # of workers	72
4966758122	Workers divided	into groups of men,women and children	73
4966761980	Women recieved less then men of status BUT	Pregnant women and women with babes recieved MORE support	74
4966776794	Administrative center	Sus, capital of Elam	75
4966781185	At Susa	Requests and messages for the king	76
4966788766	Persepolis (Darius approach of governing seen everywhere)	Ceremonial capital built by Darius; artificial platform was erected and was built palaces, audience halls, treasury building and barracks	77
4966801246	Darius and son, Xerxes	Completed project inspired by Mesopotamian traditions (assyrian kings did to show off wealth and power)	78
4966832981	Representative of people of empire recognized by	Hair, beards, dress, hats and footwear	79
4966840428	What took place at Persepolis?	Events of special significance for king and people: New Years, coronation, marriage, death and burial	80
4966852617	Kings from Darius on were burning in tombs cut into cliff at	Naqsh-i-Rustam	81
4966861160	Behind Darius and empire stands	Will of god	82
4966866484	Ahurmazda made Darius king	Giving him mandate to bring order to world and ensure all people treated fair	83
4966873597	Zoroastrianism	Ahora Mazda is great god of religion and Darius might've practiced this	84
4966883606	Gathas	Hymns in archaic Iranian dialect, work of Zoroaster who lived in eastern Iran	85
4966893597	The Zoroaster revealed that	World had been created by Ahuramazda "wise lord" But OG state of perfection and unity had been damaged by attacks of Angra Mainyu "hostile spirt" back by demons	86
4966910059	Humanity is participant in comic struggle	Individuals rewarded or punished in afterlife for actions during life	87
4966918778	Darius used Zorastrianism in political ideology	Bring everyone under a regime of justice and restore perfection of creation	88
4966927179	Persians were sensitive to	Beauties of nature and beneficent elements	89
4966930588	Corpses were	Exposed to wild beasts and the elements to prevent from putrefying in earth or tainting sanctity of fire	90
4966951430	Persians kept promises and	Told the truth	91
4966954615	Darius called evildoers	The Lie	92
4966957686	Zoroastrianism	Preached belief in one supreme deity, held humans to high ethical standard and promised salvation	93
4966964542	Zoroastrianism	Influenced Judaism and indirectly Christianity	94
4966972001	God/Devil Heaven/Hell Reward/Punishment Messiah/End of time	Legacies from Zoroastrianism	95
4966980666	Zoroastrianism disappears after	Fall of Achaemenid Persian Empire	96
4966993799	Cultural developments only possible since	Greeks had access to raw materials and markets abroad	97
4966998078	Greek merchants, mercenaries and travelers	Were in contact with others and brought home foreighn goods and ideas	98
4967008291	Greek civilization arose in	Lands bordering Aegean Sea (greek mainland, Aegean islands and western coast of Anatolia)	99
4967014280	Southern greece is	Dry and rocky with small plains	100
4967021046	Greece to Anatolia	Sea was not a barrier but connector since it was long distance apart	101
4967027007	Western edge of Anatolia had	Broad and fertile river valleys, made comfortable place	102
4967033761	Greek farmers depended on	Rainfall to water crops	103
4967037039	Not sustain population	Limited arable land, thin topsoil and sparse rainfall (SOUTH)	104
4967042944	Northern Greece	More rain and land, lots of cattle and horses. Few metal and timber but building stone, marble and clay plenty	105
4967053241	Greek mainland	Natural harbors; difficulty of overland transport, availability of good anchorages and importation of metals, timber and grain drew Greeks to sea	106
4967065009	Where resources?	Timber-northern Aegean Gold and iron-Anatolia Copper-cyrus Tin-western mediterranean Grain-black sea,egypt and sicily	107
4967075229	Dark Age	Depopulation, poverty and isolation	108
4967082459	Chief source of Mycenaean prosperity	Raw materials, metals	109
4967087384	Land given to after less people to feed	Animals to graze	110
4967092032	Isolation of greece ended 800 B.C.E.	When Phoenicians ships visited Aegean, inaugurating Archaic period of Greek History	111
4967105563	More and new ideas	Depiction of human and animal figures and mythical beasts on pottery	112
4967109942	Writing system from phoenicians	Used 22 symbols to represent consonants leaving vowels for inference	113
4967116183	Greek vowels represented by	Using some Phoenician symbols that had no equivalent sounds in Greek	114
4967122351	Greek was	First true alphabet, system of writing that fully represented sounds of spoken language	115
4967129973	Cgreeks used alphabetic writing first for	Economic purposes to keep inventory of merchant wares	116
4967134874	Greece remained	Oral culture: people used storytelling, rituals and performances to preserve and transmit info	117
4967138473	Early Archaic period	Explosion of population because of use of land as farming replaced headings and fam began to work	118
4967146994	Shift of diet	Based on bread and vegetables rather than meat increased fertility and life span	119
4967155380	Polis (citystate)	Urban center and rural territory it controlled	120
4967162579	Acropolis (base of fortified high point, top of city)	Offered refuge in an emergency	121
4967170148	Agora (gathering place) walls built around it	Open area citizens came together to ratify decisions of leaders or assemble weapons before military ventures	122
4967183010	Urban center depended on	Agricultural hinterland to provide food and people living within walls of city worked on close farms	123
4967194379	Each polis was	Jealous of independence and suspicious of ties neighbors leading to conflict	124
4967197479	Greeks developed new kind of warfare	Waged by Hoplites	125
4967201272	Hoplites	Armored infantrymen who fought in close formation, protected by helmet, breastplate and leg guards	126
4967212853	Key to victory was	Maintains formation while breaking enemies line	127
4967218639	Greek states defended by armies of	PRIVATE citizens (farmers) no special training needed	128
4967224468	Campaigns took place	When farmers were available	129
4967233349	Expanding population surpassed capacity of small plains	Many communities sent excess population to establish independent colonies	130
4967236845	People saw this as	1. Lot and forbidden path to death 2. Opportunity to escape poverty 3.avoid fam constraints 4.find adventure 5.sought fortunes at frontier	131
4967251110	After approval from Apollo from Delphi	Colonists departed, carrrying fire from hearth of mother city (symbol of kinship and religious ties that connects two communities)	132
4967260673	Hellenes	Greeks distinguished themselves from barnaroi	133
4967272301	Developments of differnt practices first appeared after colonial world traveled back home	Urban planning, new forms of political organization and new intellectual currents	134
4967274671	Coinage invented in Lydia	Early sixth century B.C.E.	135
4967280280	Coin was a	Piece of metal whose weight and purity and value guarantee by state	136
4967285597	Silver, gold and bronze	Attractive choices for medium of exchange (rare to be valuable, lightweight and portable, indestructible and peranent)	137
4967291148	Coinage allowed	-Rapid exchange of goods and effiecnt record keeping and storage of wealth -stimulated trade and increase wealth of society	138
4967303268	reducing surplus population	Colonization helped relieve pressures within Archaic Greek communities	139
4967312775	Kings ruled Dark Ages (sources Homer's Iliad and Odyssey)	But council composed of heads of noble fam superseded kings	140
4967329765	Tyrant	Person who seized and held power in violation of normal political traditions of community gained control	141
4967335890	Greek tyrants	Disgruntled and ambitious of aristocracy who were backed by middle class	142
4967342465	Tyrants were	Unwitting catalysts in evolving political process and somepassed positions to sons but eventually rejected	143
4967346657	Oligarchy	Exercise of political privilege by wealthy members of society	144
4967353309	Democracy	Exercise of political power by all free adult MALE	145
4967361138	Ancestors of Greek brought	Sky-gods with them and entered Greece	146
4967365765	Male gods predominated but	Female deities had important roles	147
4967372446	Homeric gods wee anthropomorphic	Conceived as human like appearance and in displays of emotion but are immortal	148
4967379577	Worship of gods	Expression of civic identity	149
4967381315	Sacrifice	Central ritual of Greek religion, performed at altars in front of temples that Greeks built to be Gods places of residence	150
4967389701	Greeks gave gods gifts	In hope that the gods would favor and protect them	151
4967395895	Group of people would kill one or more animals Spray altar with victims blood, burn parts of body	so roma would ascend gods on high and enjoy feast of meat	152
4967402955	Geeks sought for	Advice or predictions of future from oracles	153
4967404823	Oracles	Sacred sites where they believed gods communicated with humans	154
4967409524	Oracle of Apollo at Delphi in central Greece	Most prestigious	155
4967411693	Popular woship	Fertility cult, members worshipped and sought to enhance productive forces in nature	156
4967418648	Lyric poetry	Short verses in which subject matter is intensely personal drawn from experience of poet and expressing his or her feelings	157
4967422826	Archilochus	Soldier and poet	158
4967430072	Xenophanes	Called into question the kind of gods that Homer popularized	159
4967436238	Early philosophers concerned	with how world was crated, made of and why changes occur	160
4967439257	Logographers (first to write in prose)	Writers of prose accounts, took advantage of infine capacity of writing to store info, gather data on topics, ethnography, geography of unfamiliar lands, foundation stories of cities and origins of fam	161
4967450073	Prose	Language of everyday speech	162
4967452538	Historia	Term for method used to collect, sort and select information	163
4967456148	Herodotus	Published his Histories; filled with geographic and ethnographic reports, legends and marvels dear to logographers	164
4967477053	Two preeminent city-states	Athens and Sparta	165

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AP World History Vocab Flashcards

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6787806318	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	0
6787806319	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	1
6787806320	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	2
6787806321	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russia in 1236	3
6787806322	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	4
6787806323	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia, introduced to Europe and Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe	5
6787806324	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	6
6787806325	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	7
6787806326	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	8
6787806327	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	9
6787806328	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	10
6787806329	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	11
6787806330	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	12
6787806331	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	13
6787806332	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	14
6787806333	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of	15
6787806334	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	16
6787806335	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	17
6787806336	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	18
6787806337	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	19
6787806338	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	20
6787806339	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	21
6787806340	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	22
6787806341	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	23
6787806342	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	24
6787806343	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russia during the 13th and 14th c	25
6787806344	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	26
6787806345	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	27
6787806346	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	28
6787806347	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	29
6787806348	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	30
6787806349	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	31
6787806350	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	32
6787806351	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	33
6787806352	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	34
6787806353	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	35
6787806354	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	36
6787806355	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	37
6787806356	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	38
6787806357	Jihad	Islamic holy war	39
6787806358	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	40
6787806359	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	41
6787806360	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	42
6787806361	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for kingdom that flourished until 12th c	43
6787806362	Kubilai Khan	Grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	44
6787806363	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	45
6787806364	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	46
6787806365	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	47
6787806366	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	48
6787806367	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	49
6787806368	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	50
6787806369	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	51
6787806370	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	52
6787806371	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	53
6787806372	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	54
6787806373	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	55
6787806374	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	56
6787806375	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	57
6787806376	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	58
6787806377	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	59
6787806378	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	60
6787806379	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	61
6787806380	Ottoman Empire	Turkish Empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	62
6787806381	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	63
6787806382	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	64
6787806383	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	65
6787806384	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	66
6787806385	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	67
6787806386	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	68
6787806387	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	69
6787806388	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	70
6787806389	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	71
6787806390	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	72
6787806391	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	73
6787806392	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	74
6787806393	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	75
6787806394	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	76
6787806395	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	77
6787806396	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	78
6787806397	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	79
6787806398	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	80
6787806399	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	81
6787806400	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	82
6787806401	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	83
6787806402	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	84
6787806403	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	85
6787806404	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	86
6787806405	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	87
6787806406	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	88
6787806407	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	89
6787806408	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	90
6787806409	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	91
6787806410	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	92
6787806411	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	93
6787806412	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	94
6787806413	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	95
6787806414	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	96
6787806415	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	97
6787806416	African Diaspora	The spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world, especially the Americas. Important P4 demographic change	98
6787806417	Akbar	the grandson of Babur, who brought the height of the Mughal empire; expanded to control much of the subcontinent.	99
6787806418	Alternate attendance	Required Daimyos to spend every other year at the Tokugawa court, keeping their power in check. Weakened in two ways: their wealth was affected by having two households, and their ability to establish separate power bases was impaired	100
6787806419	Anglican Church	A form of Christianity established by Henry VIII that was not decided on the grounds of religious belief, but because the pope would not allow him to divorce his wife.	101
6787806420	Army of the Pure	challenged the Mughal army, asserted Sikh beliefs aggressively; helped weaken the Mughal Empire	102
6787806421	Atahualpa	the leader of the Incas, who was seized by Pizzaro and gave gold to him, first baptized as a Christian, than strangled	103
6787806422	Atlantic Circuit	a clockwise network of sea routs in the Atlantic Ocean	104
6787806423	Babur	founded the Mughal Empire, claimed to be a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan (1526)	105
6787806424	Bartholomew Dias	set out to find the tip of Africa and connect beyond it to the Indian Ocean	106
6787806425	Battle at Lepanto	famous sea battle with the Ottomans vs Philip II. Ottomans and their Muslim allies lost control of many ports	107
6787806426	Battle of Chaldrian	The Shi'ite versus Sunni conflict at Chaldrian over religious differences, set the limits for Shi'ite expansion	108
6787806427	Bourgeoisie	middle class; factory owners who put long hours and much of their profit into their businesses	109
6787806428	Brahe & Kepler	developed a more complex theory from Copernicus in 1610	110
6787806429	Cape Colony	one of the two beachland colonies established by the Europeans in the 16th century, functioned as a major coastal stop for travelers.	111
6787806430	Caravel	a new ship developed by the Portuguese, which was much smaller than the junk, but size allowed for exploration of shallower coastal areas	112
6787806431	Castas	a middle-level status between Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom	113
6787806432	Catholic Reformation	the church's actions to revive their reputation and membership roles in 1545 (regained control of most of southern Europe, Austria, Poland, and much of Hungary)	114
6787806433	Conquistadors	went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico	115
6787806434	Constitutional Monarchy	States where rulers shared power with a parliament, ie representatives selected by nobility/urban citizens	116
6787806435	Cortes	sought to find the Aztec capital, and took over the Aztec land - with help of Amerindians, disease, and technology	117
6787806436	Cossacks	Peasants, Ivan III consolidated land hold by recruiting them	118
6787806437	Creoles	composed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class	119
6787806438	Daimyo	territorial lords, who held local control of areas. Varied in influence, but each maintained his own governments and had his own samurai	120
6787806439	De La Casas	a conquistador priest who dedicated himself to protecting Amerindian rights	121
6787806440	Deism	God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.	122
6787806441	Devshirme	a system that required Christians of the area to contribute young boys to be the sultan's slaves	123
6787806442	Divine Right	with God's blessing of the king's authority, the legitimacy of royalty across Europe was enhanced, ex: reign of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries	124
6787806443	Dutch East India Company	a joint stock company that specialized in the spice and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch Trading in the Pacific	125
6787806444	Edict of Nantes	The granting of tolerance to Protestants through this, which was later revoked by King Louis XIV	126
6787806445	Encomienda	the system in which conquistadors had forced natives to do work for them	127
6787806446	English Civil War	This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished.	128
6787806447	Enlightenment	the emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought	129
6787806448	Ethnocentrism	the term that describes the tendency of human beings to view their own culture as superior	130
6787806449	Fetehpur Silkri	Akbar's entirely new capital city, showing the Mughal love for magnificent architecture.	131
6787806450	Forbidden City	was the home of the emperor and his family, which expanded service people to 20,000; as the government returned to Beijing from Manjing	132
6787806451	Franciscans	people who converted new world people to Christianity, and took care of the poor.	133
6787806452	Francisco Pizzaro	led a group of soldiers to the Andes to find the Inca. The Incas were weak; Pizzaro conquered and got gold.	134
6787806453	Galileo	used the first telescope during the Renaissance in 1609, where he made many large discoveries in the solar system, until he was put under house arrest for spreading conflicting ideas	135
6787806454	Gentry	the most powerful members of a society, and landowners that affected the style of the old aristocracy	136
6787806455	Gunpowder Empires	an age of time where almost all powerful states used guns to build control/attack (included Russia, Ming and Qing, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid and the Mughal Empires)	137
6787806456	Hapsburg	A powerful family with land claims all over Europe from Spain to Italy to the Netherlands to Hungary, as all the Holy Roman Emperor's had been Hapsburg since 1273	138
6787806457	Henry the Navigator	the third son of the Portuguese king; devoted his life to navigation, creating a navigation school, which became a magnet for the cartographers of the world	139
6787806458	Hidden Imam	the 12th descendant of Muhammad, who in the end disappeared as a child	140
6787806459	Holy Roman Empire	a place/time where religion remained very important, and religious issues continued to fragment, and strong kings emerged in the 16th century	141
6787806460	Humanism	interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals	142
6787806461	Imams	heirs of Muhammad according to Shi'ite muslims	143
6787806462	Indulgences	The Catholic Church's grants of salvation for money in the 1500s, part of the growing corruption of the church.	144
6787806463	Isaac Newton	discovered the basic principles of motion + gravity, where he captured the idea of an entire universe in simple laws	145
6787806464	Isfahan vs. Istanbul	differed, the first was far from cosmopolitan, Shi'ite, and had international trade, while the latter had more guilds and organized merchants	146
6787806465	Ismail	united a large area south of the Caspian Sea and of the Ottoman Empire. An army emerged under him, as well as declared Twelver shi'ism for his new Safavid realm	147
6787806466	Ivan III	declared himself as "tsar" (means Caesar) with the claim he was establishing the "Third Rome"	148
6787806467	Ivan IV	Ivan the Terrible (his nickname) reflected problems that tsars faced as power increased	149
6787806468	Janissaries	Checked the military power of the sultan, being an elite military group	150
6787806469	Jesuits	a religious order converting people to return to the church (went to Asia + Americas in 1500's)	151
6787806470	Johan Gutenberg	a German goldsmith and printer, who created the printing press, in 1454	152
6787806471	John Calvin	A protestant who established a variation of his beliefs on a stern and vengeful God.	153
6787806472	John Locke	sought to understand the impact of the "laws of nature" on human liberties	154
6787806473	Joint-stock Companies	these companies organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. The new capitalist system largely replaced the old guild system of the middle ages.	155
6787806474	Kabuki	a form of drama that consisted of several acts and separate skits with singing, dancing, and elaborate staging. (Actors became well known starts)	156
6787806475	Kangxi	one of the rulers of the Manchu dynasty, helped to create a prosperous, powerful, and culturally rich empire. A sophisticated Confucian scholar as well. His reign brought an empire that grew dramatically.	157
6787806476	Kowtow	a special, often deep bow to the Chinese emperor. In the Qing dynasty, those who came to see the emperor had to do a special bow consisting of 3 separate kneeling	158
6787806477	Land-based Powers	A shift in land based powers where governments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, road, canals, and walls that unified and protected	159
6787806478	Louis XIV	Understood the importance of a "theatre state", by building a magnificent palace at Versailles, and the apex of absolutism occurred under him	160
6787806479	Macartney Mission	the dispatch of Lord Macartney with other people to China, showing Britain's great interest in the Qing empire	161
6787806480	Magellan	had a ship that was first to circumnavigate the glove, even though Magellan himself died in the Philippines	162
6787806481	Manila Galleons	ships that traveled across the Pacific Ocean picking up and trading goods, like Asian luxury goods, and silver	163
6787806482	Manumission	legal grant of freedom to an individual slave	164
6787806483	Maroons	runaway slaves in the Carribean	165
6787806484	Martin Luther	a German monk who wrote the 95 theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church	166
6787806485	Matteo Ricci	A Jesuit missionary who helped to try and convert emperor Wudi. Though failed at primary goal, they did open the country to European influence, primarily through their gadgets and technology	167
6787806486	Medici	was a powerful family of Florence in the mid to late 1400s that sponsored artists as a rich merchant family	168
6787806487	Mercantilism	a system in which the government is constantly intervened in the market, with the understanding the goal of economic gain and to benefit the mother country	169
6787806488	Mercantilism	the responsibility of government to promote the states economy to improve the revenues and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders (allows industry to develop their own business)	170
6787806489	Mestizos	composed of European and Amerindian children, part of the castas	171
6787806490	Moctezuma	the Aztec emperor, who welcome the Spaniards at Tenochtitlan, seeing them as god-like. This was a mistake, as this allowed everyone to conquer him.	172
6787806491	Montesquieu	admired the British Parliament that had successfully gained power at the expense of the king, who also advocated a three-branch government with three branches that shared political power	173
6787806492	Mughal Empire	an empire that that was a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from Central Asia, which dominated India until the early 1700s	174
6787806493	Mulattoes	composed of European and African children, also part of the castas	175
6787806494	Nicolo Machiavelli	a Renaissance writer who wrote, "The Prince" which was a famous philosophical view of the ideal political leader in the 16th century, in Italian city states	176
6787806495	Patrons	supporters of the arts, with payment and such, they found talented artists, often when they were young	177
6787806496	Peninsularies	a fading social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world	178
6787806497	Peter the Great	The tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1724; most responsible for transforming Russia into a great world power.	179
6787806498	Phillip II	ruled Spain at the height of its power in the 15th century	180
6787806499	Pilgrims	settled first in New England, and wanted to break away completely from the Church of England, sought to pursue spiritual ends in new lands	181
6787806500	Protestant Reformation	a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	182
6787806501	Protestant work ethic	a work ethic of the Protestants that encouraged individual endeavors towards gaining wealth	183
6787806502	Purdah	a woman's seclusion from society in India, which was more enforced for upper class women, who did not leave home unescorted	184
6787806503	Puritans	wanted to purify Church of England, not break with it	185
6787806504	Putting out system	the concept of producing goods in the countryside outside the guilds control by delivering raw materials to their homes, where they are transformed into finished products to be used up later	186
6787806505	Qianlong	a ruler of the Manchu dynasty who helped to create a prosperous, powerful, and culturally rich empire. He brought much prosperity that he cancelled taxes 4 times	187
6787806506	Qing Dynasty	The name of the empire after the Ming; seized China from the emperors who could no longer defend their borders from the Manchu	188
6787806507	Qizilbash	fought against Janissaries in a great religious conflict. (Chaldiran)	189
6787806508	Queue	A Manchu style patch of hair gathered long and uncut in the back, showing submission to the Qing dynasty	190
6787806509	Renaissance	A heightened intellectual and artistic advance from about 1450s, that changed Europe forever	191
6787806510	Rosseau	the most radical of the common philosophers, he proclaimed in his social context that "Man is born free: and everywhere he is in chains". Since society had "Corrupted" human nature, he advocated a return to nature in a small, co-op community	192
6787806511	Safavid Empire	an empire that grew from a Turkish nomadic group, were Shi'ite Muslims	193
6787806512	Sati	the ritual suicide of widows by jumping into their husbands pyres, representing the low status of women	194
6787806513	Scholasticism	Scholars based their inquiry on the principles established by the church, which sometimes resulted in clashes between science and religion	195
6787806514	Scientific Revolution	a new vision of science developed during the renaissance in the 17th + 18th century	196
6787806515	Sea-based Powers	Sea people built their power by controlling water routes, developing technology to cross the seas, and gaining wealth from trade and land claims.	197
6787806516	Shah Abbas I	brought the Safavids to the peak of the power, slave infantrymen	198
6787806517	Sikhism	started by Nanuk, who became the first Guru of Sikhism. Sikhism was a following of people who formed a community free of caste divisions	199
6787806650	St. Petersburg	The "Window to the West" established by Peter the Great, which was a capital built on the shoes of the newly accessed Baltic Sea (a port for the new navy + allowed closer access to western countries)	200
6787806651	Suleiman the Magnificent	ruled the Ottomans as the empire reached the height of its power. The Ottomans controlled much of the water traffic between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea	201
6787806652	Taj Mahal	a building of beauty built as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal's wife.	202
6787806653	Thirty Years War	war within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	203
6787806654	Thomas Hobbes	English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)	204
6787806655	Tokugawa Shogunate	a centralized government established in 1603 in present day Tokyo.	205
6787806656	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	a competent, Daimyo general who broke the power of warring daimyos and eventually unified Japan under his own authority. His ambitions stretched far, and he sparked the Unification of Japan	206
6787806657	Treaty of Tordesillas	a treaty marking Spain and Portugal land claim boundary. Portugal pushes its explorations to India and beyond.	207
6787806658	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended the 30 Years war, allowing principalities and cities to choose their own religion, creating a patchwork of religious affiliations through England.	208
6787806659	Twelver shi'ism	a religion based on Muslim beliefs, as well as the 'hidden Imam'	209
6787806660	Vasco da Gama	set out to find the tip of Africa and connect it to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the fastest and safest ways to travel to Portugal	210
6787806661	Versailles	a place where Louis' palace was built symbolizing the French's triumph over the traditional rights of the nobility and clergy. This kept nobles away from plotting rebellions, and 'distracted Europe'.	211
6787806662	Vizier	head of the imperial administration in the Ottoman Empire who took care of the day to day work of the empire, aiding the Sultan	212
6787806663	Yongle	something of a renegade who supported a series of seven maritime expeditions. Chinese vessels started to take tribute from those they encountered.	213
6787806664	Zheng He	led expeditions in Chinese junks across the Atlantic Ocean, with one goal being to assert Chinas power after the demise of the Yuan dynasty.	214
6787806665	Bolivar's Jamaica Letter	An important example of revolutionary documents from the enlightenment era	215
6787806666	P5 rebellions based on religious beliefs/millenarianism.	Taiping Rebellion, The Ghost Dance, and the Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement	216
6787806667	P5 Anticolonial movements in Asia	Indian Revolt and Boxer Rebellion	217
6787806668	Consumer markets	The rapid development of industrial production encouraged industrialized states to seek these	218
6787806669	Limited Liability corporations and stock markets	New "financial instruments" came into extensive use between 1750 and 1900?	219
6787806670	Factory system	Concentrated labor into a single location and led to increased degree of specialization of labor	220
6787806671	Immigration challenges	regulation of flow of migrants; ethnic and racial prejudice	221
6787806672	Sought by unions	Better working conditions, limited hours, and increased wages	222
6787806673	Industrial revolution developments	Railroads, steamships, telegraphs, and canals	223
6787806674	New social classes in P5	Middle and industrial working	224
6787806675	Nationalism	new ideology that helped to foster new communal identities	225
6787806676	Second industrial revolution	new methods of production in steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery	226
6787806677	How was imperialism often justified?	New racial ideologies; Ex. Social Darwinism	227
6787806678	Economic imperialism	British and French in China with the Opium Wars and British and U.S. heavy investment in Latin America	228
6787806679	Resisted economic change and attempt to maintain pre-industrial forms of economic production	Qing China and Ottoman Empire	229
6787806680	The emergence of Meiji Japan	U.S. and European influence over Tokugawa Japan contributed to this	230
6787806681	Social and political shifts inspired by Enlightenment thinking	Expansion of rights, abolition of slavery, end of serfdom	231
6787806682	Major transport/communication developments of P5	Railroads, steamships, telegraphs, and canals	232
6787806683	Examples of export economies products	cotton, palm oil, sugar, wheat, meat, guano, metals, and minerals	233
6787806684	Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill	provided the ideological inspiration for economic changes in P5	234
6787806685	Established new empires throughout Asia and the Pacific in P5?	British, Dutch, French, Germans, Russians, Americans, Japanese	235
6787806686	Which states established settler colonies in P5?	Britain -South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand France- Algeria	236
6787806688	Which states' existing colonies were strengthened between in P5?	British in India and the Dutch in Indonesia	237
6787806689	Which states' influence declined between 1750 and 1900?	Spain and Portugal	238

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AP Bio - Properties of Water Flashcards

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7308150448	Hydrophilic	Substance that dissolves in water/water-loving (Polar or Ionic)	0
7308150449	Hydrophobic	Repels water/water-hating Ex. Oils, wax, butter, fats (nonpolar)	1
7308150450	Cohesion	ability of water to stick to itself	2
7308150451	Adhesion	ability of water to stick to other molecules	3
7308150452	High Specific Heat	takes a relatively large amount of energy to heat 1mL of water 1 degree Celcius	4
7308150453	High heat of vaporization	takes a relatively large amount of energy for water to evaporate because hydrogen bonds must be broken	5
7308150454	High Surface tension	due to cohesion, the surface of water forms a tight film that resists breaking	6
7308176127	Hydrogen bonds	Weak, temporary attractions between adjacent water molecules	7
7308177336	Polar Covalent Bonds	The bonds that hold a single water molecule together. Due to uneven electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen	8
7308180216	Capillary Action	The attraction of water to the inside of thin tubes - causes water to move up the xylem of plants against gravity	9
7308192790	Acid	any compound that forms H+ ions in solution	10
7308197534	Base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. (picks up H+)	11
7308198991	Buffer	substances that cause a solution to resist change in pH	12
7493141191	Evaporative Cooling	A property of water whereby sweat uses the body's heat as its energy source to evaporate	13

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Flashcards

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AP World History: Ancient World Flashcards

First set of words in the AP World History book by the Princeton Review.

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8402020067	Agriculture	The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.	0
8402020068	Agrarian	pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform, agrarian society	1
8402020069	Bands/ Clans	extended family groups that generally lived together	2
8402020070	Barbarian	without civilizing influences	3
8402020071	Bureaucracy	system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials (not elected)	4
8402020072	Civilization	a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)	5
8402020073	City-States	different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers (e.g. Greece)	6
8402020074	Classical	of or characteristic of a form or system felt to be of first significance before modern times	7
8402020075	Domestication	process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans	8
8402020076	Economy	system by which goods and services are produced and distributed to meet people's needs	9
8402020077	Egalitarian	a person who believes in the equality of all people	10
8402020078	Emperor	supreme ruler of an empire	11
8402020079	Empire	many territories, countries, or peoples controlled by one government (also just any territory ruled by an emperor)	12
8402020080	Feudalism	a political system and a social system where by a powerful lord would offer "protection" in return for "service"	13
8402020081	Foraging	the process of scavenging for food	14
8402020082	Hierarchy	a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system	15
8402020083	Hierarchical	Of, relating to, or arranged in a hierarchy	16
8402020084	Hunter-Gatherer	A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either plants nor animals	17
8402020085	Irrigation	supplying dry land with water by means of ditches, sprinklers, etc.	18
8402020086	Monarchy	a government in which power is in the hands of a single person who usually inherits their power	19
8402020087	Monotheism	belief in a single God	20
8402020088	Neolithic	The New Stone Age from circa 8500 to 4500 BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s)	21
8402020089	Nomadic	(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently	22
8402020090	Pastoral	relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle (e.g. pastoral peoples)	23
8402020091	Paleolithic	The Old Stone Age from circa 750,00 to 500,000 years BCE to 8,500 years BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans and the development of minor tools	24
8402020092	Philosophy	the rational investigation of questions about existence, knowledge, and ethics	25
8402020093	Polytheism	belief in multiple Gods	26
8402020094	River Valley	the fertile land surrounding a river- the first civilizations arose near them	27
8402020095	Sedentary	remaining in one place	28
8402020096	Settlement	the act of colonizing or a small group of people in a sedentary position	29
8402020097	Subsistence	the necessities of life, the resources of survival	30
8402020098	Surplus	a quantity much larger than is needed	31
8402020099	Sustenance	the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence	32
8402020100	Theocracy	government run by religious leaders	33
8402020101	Traditional	consisting of or derived from tradition; customary practices	34
8402020102	Urbanization	the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban	35
8402020103	Vassals	lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity	36
8402020104	Alexander the Great	king of Macedon, conqueror of Greece, Egypt, and Persia; founder of Alexandria (356-323 BC)	37
8402020105	Analects of Confucius	"something that is repeated" - a collection of Confucius' famous sayings	38
8402020106	Bronze Age	a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons	39
8402020107	Calendar	a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year	40
8402020108	Code of Hammurabi	the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety	41
8402020109	Cuneiform	One of the first written languages known: A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.	42
8402020110	Democracy	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	43
8402020111	Eight Fold Path	Eight steps to end suffering and attain enlightenment according to Buddhist tradition.	44
8402020112	Four Noble Truths	as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism	45
8402020113	Gothic Migrations	The Migration period, also called the Barbarian Invasions or German: Völkerwanderung (wandering of the peoples), was a period of human migration that occurred roughly between the years 300 to 700 CE in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. These movements were catalyzed by profound changes within both the Roman Empire and the so-called 'barbarian frontier'. Migrating peoples during this period included the Goths, Vandals, Bulgars, Alans, Suebi, Frisians, and Franks, among other Germanic and Slavic tribes.	46
8402020114	Great Wall	a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC	47
8402020115	Han Dynasty	imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy	48
8402020116	Hellenism	The ideals and principles that spread from Greece through much of the ancient world. Much of its influence such as philosophy, athletics, and architecture penetrated the Middle East.	49
8402020117	The Huns	Fierce warriors from Central Asia- First invaded southeastern Europe and then launched raids on nearby kingdoms	50
8402020118	Indian Ocean Trade	connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.	51
8402020119	Iron Age	the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons	52
8402020120	Jewish Diaspora	A "scattering" of the Jewish people	53
8402020121	Legalism	In Chinese history, Legalism was one of the main philosophic currents during the Warring States Period- A philosophy of focusing on the text of written law to the exclusion of the intent of law, elevating strict adherence to law over justice, mercy and common sense	54
8402020122	Pax Romana	A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.	55
8402020123	Pyramids	Huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top	56
8402020124	Roman Republic	The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.	57
8402020125	Roman Senate	a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders	58
8402020126	Shang Civilization	China's first dynasty almost 2000 BCE	59
8402020127	Shi Huang Di	harsh ruler who united China for the first time and used legalism in ruling (Qin China)	60
8402020128	Siddhartha Gautama	founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha	61
8402020129	Silk Road Trade	The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilization.	62
8402020130	The Torah	the most sacred text of Judaism	63
8402020131	The Vedas of Hinduism	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.	64
8402020132	Ziggurats	a temple or tomb of the ancient Assyrians, Sumerians, or Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories	65
8402020133	Christianity	Monotheistic religion born out of Judaism, preached by Jesus of Nazareth and later codified by his disciples. Persecuted by Romans early on; however, gained support under Constantine in the Rome.	66
8402020134	Buddhism	originally preached by Siddhartha and codified by his disciples into the sutras. Rejected Vedic rituals and the caste system. Spread throughout SE Asia and China and split into Mahayana(Buddha as a God, local gods tacked on as Bodhisativas) and Theravada(original, strict non-theistic version).	67
8402020135	Asoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	68
8402020136	Hinduism	Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.	69
8402020137	Trans Saharan	route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading	70
8402020138	Monsoons	Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.	71
8402020139	Sumerians	people who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.	72
8402020140	Indo-Europeans	Groups of people who came from the area north of the Caucasus mountains, which are between the Black and Caspian seas. Herded multiple animals. Rode into battle on chariots. The Indo-European language of Sanskrit, by the Aryans, are the basis of many languages today. Often accepted and adapted aspects of technology, religions, and social order of those with whom they came in contact.	73
8402020141	Before agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________ as a result of greater male strength.	Patriarchal	74
8402020142	caste system	a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society, there was virtually no social mobility	75
8402020143	Paleolithic	(Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture	76
8402020144	Carthage	This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. Controlled commerce in the Mediterranean prior to the rise of Roman Power. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.	77
8402020145	Hellenization	The spread of Greek language and culture (Hellenism) throughout the Mediterranean, starting with t he conquests of Alexander the Great. Upon Alexander's death at the age of thirty-three (323 B.C.E.), his realm was divided among his leading generals. During their reigns and those of their successors, Hellenism (i.e., Greek culture) continued to flourish in major urban centers around the eastern Mediterranean (less so in rural areas). People traveling to different areas could communicate with people of other kingdoms through Greek. More than at any time in previous history, the eastern Mediterranean that emerged in Alexander's wake experienced a form of cultural unity and cosmopolitanism (a "cosmopolite" is a "citizen of the world," as opposed to a person who belongs to only one locality). The Roman Empire arose in the context of the Hellenistic world and took full advantage of its unity, promoting the use of Greek language, accepting aspects of Greek culture, and even taking over features of the Greek religion, to the point that the Greek and Roman gods came to be thought of as the same, only with different names. This complex unity achieved culturally through Hellenization and politically through the conquests of Rome is summed up by the term Greco-Roman world.	78
8402020146	Daoism	Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature.	79
8402020147	Bureaucrat	government official	80

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AP world history vocab: chapters 1 and 2 Flashcards

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7189874193	overfarming	When soil loses its nutrients because not enough time is left between harvest and replant for it to replenish. Can be avoided through fertilization or the field being left fallow for a season.	0
7189874580	overgrazing	Continual eating of a pasture's grasses or roots without giving it the proper time to regrow. Eventually leads to the erosion of the pasture.	1
7189874833	paleolithic period	Early years of human history, began 2.5 million years ago and ended 10,000 years ago. Often referred to as the stone age for the use of stone tools, the first recorded use of tools.	2
7189874834	neolithic revolution	A set of drastic changes in how people lived their lives based on the development of agriculture.	3
7189875138	monotheism	A religion containing only one deity or god.	4
7189875513	bronze age	Period characterized by the use of bronze and other early features of modern civilization. Began between 3300 and 2300 B.C.E.	5
7189875514	civilization	A large society with cities and powerful states.	6
7189875904	Catal Huyuk	Ancient city founded in 7500 B.C.E., existed for around 2,000 years. Its ruins are in modern day Turkey.	7
7189876337	textiles	Items made from cloth.	8
7189877422	hunter forager	early nomadic humans Homo Sapiens first appearing in East Africa 10,000-20,000 years ago. Survived by hunting animals and gathering roots and plants.	9
7189877423	agriculture	The process of raising crops or animals on a consistent and controlled basis.	10
7189877854	domestication	Process of taming animals so they could be brought up with humans.	11
7189877855	nomadic pastoralism	Mobile groups of people that lead herds of domesticated animals from pasture to pasture. First emerged in grassland regions of Africa and Eurasia.	12
7189878581	tribe	A large unit of people in the paleolithic period consisting of multiple clans. Typically lead by a chief or priest.	13
7189878582	patriarchal	Society where men hold most, if not all, the power.	14
7189878585	artisans	People who made objects people needed, such as woven clothe or pottery.	15
7189879393	merchants	People who buy and sell goods for a living.	16
7189879605	social stratification	A system by which society ranks categories of people typically based on wealth.	17
7189940307	Mesopotamia	Area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Term is Greek for "between rivers"	18
7189940308	Fertile Crescent	Area including Mesopotamia but also extending to cover the Mediterranean coast to the West. Contains incredibly fertile soil compared to the surrounding areas of desert and grassland.	19
7189940731	Carthage	Trading Colony in Northern Africa of the Phoenicians.	20
7189940732	desertification	Creation of desert like conditions.	21
7189941296	Indus River Valley	River Valley in West India where multiple civilizations developed.	22
7189941831	environmental degradation	deterioration of the ecosystem through depletion of resources.	23
7189941832	deforestation	clearance of trees so the land can be used for other purposes.	24
7189942240	Huang He	River that connects Northern China to the Yellow Sea. Regularly floods and enriches surrounding soil.	25
7189942241	Chiang Jiang	River stretching 4000 miles across the central China	26
7189942669	maize	commonly called corn, major crop of the Native American civilizations.	27
7189942670	barter	A system of trading in which one thing is exchanged for the other.	28
7189943142	division of labor	People are able to do other jobs other than farming due to the surplus of food.	29
7189943143	polytheistic	Worship of many gods.	30
7189944185	Ziggurats	Large stepped pyramids containing altars and temples found in Mesopotamia.	31
7189944186	Aryans	Indo-European speaking peoples originally from central Asia, migrated to India and spread their culture and settlements into Northern and Central India	32
7189944629	Vedas and Vedic Age	Time in which the Sacred texts of Hinduism were completed	33
7189944939	ancestor veneration	Belief that your ancestors could speak to the gods for you. Held by the Chinese, they often made offerings to their ancestors.	34
7189944940	scribes	Class of people skilled at writing. Tasked with record keeping and writing of history and myths.	35
7189945445	cuneiform	First form of writing. Consists of marks carved into wet clay tablets.	36
7189945446	hieroglyphics	A picture writing system used by the Egyptians	37
7189945793	papyrus	Plant grown on the Nile that can be used to make a paper like writing material or basket making material.	38
7189945794	Book of the Dead	A paper book placed in the coffins of dead pharaohs, each was unique because it told the story of the dead pharaoh.	39
7189946263	Sanskrit	sacred language of the Aryans	40
7189946264	Sumerians	Group of nomads that settled in a portion of Mesopotamia known as Sumer sometime before 5000 B.C.E.. In Sumer the worlds first complex government was created.	41
7189947080	city states	Independent city that governs itself and a small amount of surrounding land.	42
7189947081	Babylonians	Group of Persians that invaded and took over Mesopotamia with the use of composite bows around 1900 B.C.E.	43
7189947560	Phoenicians	A trading empire occupying the Mediterranean coast in North Africa and the Middle East. Beginning in 300 B.C.E. and peaking in 1100 B.C.E.. credited with the invention of the alphabet, and was modified several times before becoming the alphabet we now use.	44
7189947561	Hittites	Group of people first credited with creating iron tools. Ramses made peace when they attempted to invade Egypt.	45
7189949174	Kush	Kingdom dependent on Egypt in East Africa. Formed in 2500 B.C.E after the fall of the Nubian kingdom. Important economical kingdom, trading with the Romans, Indians, and Arabs, exporting slaves ivory and gold.	46
7189949175	Axum	Kingdom farmed in Ethiopia based on farming and trading. Largely Christian kingdom. conquered Kush	47
7189949176	Dravidians	Indigenous people of the Indian subcontinent.	48
7189949874	Harappa	Sophisticated urban center in the Indus River Valley created by the Dravidians.	49
7189949875	Hammurabi	Most powerful king of Babylon. Reformed the Government and tax structure. Ruled all of Mesopotamia for around 40 years. Most famous for creating a brutal book of laws.	50
7189950437	Code of Hammurabi	Code of laws based around the ideal that the punishment should fit the crime. Credited with being the first code of laws written down.	51
7189950438	pharoah	term for the ruler of Egypt	52
7189950738	Xia Dynasty	First Chinese dynasty, lasted 400 years. Little is known of its history.	53
7189950739	Shang Dynasty	Dynasty begun by a man named Tang in 1750 B.C.E. and lasted about 600 years. During this time many surrounded areas were invaded and conquered.	54
7189952230	Zhou Dynasty	Dynasty began in 1045 B.C.E. and lasted 900 years. The first golden age of china occurred during this dynasty. Expanded China even more than the Shangs.	55
7189953538	Mandate of Heaven	Idea introduced by the Zhou Dynasty that the rulers were made rulers by the gods.	56

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