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Ap world history sheet 1 Flashcards

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7285658172prehistory Vs. Historybefore written record Vs. after written record.0
7285668543Features of civilizationPeople, culture, & communities.1
7285675237Stages of hominid developmentTransition to Neolithic to Metalage2
7285686475"out of Africa" vs. multicultural thesisDid we come from africa or all over.3
7285694048Paleolithic Erasimple tools from rocks and simpler society.4
7285710474Neolithic EraMore farming and building. The start of metal working. Alphabets.5
7285727688Family units, clans, tribesSocial interactions closely relating to social ranking.6
7285741974Foraging SocietiesSocieties that looked for there food instead of growing it.7
7285761776nomadic hunters and gatherersmore evolved foraging societies with agricultural ties8
7285769096Ice ageTemperatures drop and animals migrate south.9
7285803534civilizationa society w/ a hierarchy10
7285808202Neolithic revolutionWidespread agricultural lifestyle11
7285816097Domestication of plants and animalsFarming plants and keeping tamed animals.12
7285824066nomadic pastoralismHerded free range live stock13
7285833597migratory farmersFarmer plants multiple plants multicultural in order to grow more crop.14
7285851520patrilineal/patrilocalMove to the husbands town and the husband take care of money and house15
7285862697irrigation systemstransporting water for agriculture16
7285869872metalworkingThe process of working w/ metal to create individual parts.17
7285880449ethnocentrismpreconceptions about a culture from a culture. (rumor)18
7285886993foragingsearching for food and provisions.19
7285898811sedentary agricultureA farm that doesn't change or rotate crops.20
7285906106shifting cultivationplanting crops then leaving the field after harvest so the field can regain nourishment.21
7285919380slash and burn agricultureFarm intensely then leaving.22
7285924582matrilinealThe female is in charge of the house/ money23
7285929111cultural divisionwhen cultural beliefs and activities spread.24
7285936520independent inventionThe person who discovers or invents something.25
7285943717specialization of laborworkers produce more when they occupy specialized roles.26
7285950601gender division of labordelegation of task between genders27
7285959018metallurgy and metalworkingscience of metal and how to use it28
7286013403fertile crescentcrescent shaped region thats moist and fertile29
7286020377gilgameshking of sumerian city.30
7286043768hammurabi'sbabylonian 18th century criminal and civil matters.31
7286053279EgyptNorth East Africa32
7286063143Egyptian Book of the deadPictures, Prayers, Hymns, Incantations, And formulas for the behaviors of the souls of the dead.33
7286077747PyramidsA royal tomb34
7286081573HieroglyphicsAn ancient egyptian way of writing.35
7286100664Indus valley civilizationBronze age civilization in modern day pakistan36
7286116919Early chinasovereign government power was given to a divine source.37
7286135327the celtsA celtic group of the late bronze age.38
7286143077The hittites and iron weaponsthe hittites used weapons mad from bronze bc it was thicker then iron.39
7286155010the assyrians and cavalry warfareruthless warrior people that conquered neighboring countries.40
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AP World History Chapter 3(Classical India) Flashcards

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5732730833Who dominated the society?Priests/brahmans0
5732730834What were the formative influences?influenced by Middle East, Mediterranean, persia1
5732730835Who was alexander the great in Clasical India?invaded india contacted the hellenistic culture2
5732730836What was the impact of the Himalayan mountains?sight of aryans settlements3
5732730837Who were the aryans?European migrants Wrote the vedas pastoral- didn't have a permanent home war ]like4
5732730838What were the great epics?Verdic and epic ages shaped indian society epic age-1000BCE to 600BCE5
5732730839What is sanscrit?he classical indian language6
5732730840What were the Vedas?1200BCE-600BCE Hindus core beliefs were in the vedas hymns and poems religious prayers magical spells lists of gods and goddesses7
5732730841What is Mahabharata?during epic age in the vedas the great epic of war8
5732730842What is the Ramayana?during epic age Real and mythical battles9
5732730843What is the Upanishads?Poems with more mystical religious flavor10
5732730844Where they matriarchal or patriarchal?Patriarchal11
5732730845What are aryans idea for social and family forms?tight levels of village organization Village Chiefs-drawn for leadership,help w/ village defenses,reg. property rights12
5732730846What are the varnas?_social classes13
5732730847What is the order of the social classes?1.Brahmans(priests) 2.Kshatriyas(warriors) 3.Vaishyas(traders and farmers) 4 Shudras(common laborer) 5 Untouchables14
5732730848Who were the untouchables?confined to few jobs( bad jobs) lowest of low15
5732730849Who is indra?God of thunder, god of strength16
5732730850Polythesistic or monothesitic?Polythesistic17
5732730851Who was Chandragupta?mauryan Empire 321-298 BCE unified india Divided empire in to Providences 301 BCE gave up throne to nephew Asoka18
5732730852Who was Kautilya?Chandraguptas advisior Wrote book to guide people on how to govern royal power single society is needed to apply force when needed19
5732730853Who was Asoka?304-232BCE grandson of Chandragupta dedicated life to buddhism controlled alll but southern tip of india20
5732730854What is Dharma?law of moral consequences21
5732730855Who were the kushans?invaded india22
5732730856Life of Chandra Gupta 1 and 2320-335 BCE 375-415CE23
5732730857What is the Gupta Empire?traded with Mediterranean hinduism revival Huns invaded 450CE Political stability No individual ruler Taxation system Uniform law codes24
5732730858What were the gurus?mystic holy men, seeking communication with souls25
5732730859What is reincarnation?Souls don't die when bodies do but pass to another human26
5732730860What is nirvana?The buddist afterlife, people could put life towards this without huge cerimonies27
5732730861What is schloar-gentrycivil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance28
5732730862What is a shiva?god of destruction,and reproduction29
5732730863What is vishnu?God of sacrfice30
5732730864What were the political institutions?Kings and emperiors Mauryan-depended on large armies, Gupta-chosen by the gods on who rules, favor more towards hinduism than buddhism -Did not stress importance of politics31
5732730865What was the caste system?~ initial classes ~marriage was impossible to outside classes ~Could move up and down pyrimid32
5732730866Hinduismbrought variety no founder or holy figure can adapt to to different needs of people important on prayers Extreme spirituality Reinforced caste system33
5732730867BuddhismCreated by tensions in hinduism, people were rebelling Stressed self control Denied spiritual value(caste,rituals,priests) monks ,monistaries34
5732730868Buddha563 BCE after 6 years found truth about life Founded buddhism35
5732730869EducationGupta had a college calculated astronomy (Aryabhatta was the astronomer gupta)36
5732730870MedicineBone setting and plastic surgery medications for sicnesses37
5732730871mathamaticsNumbering system negative numbers created the decimal system38
5732730872What are suptas?Tall pieces of art that honored buddha39
5732730873China and india compared differencesIndia-More mathmatical findings China-pracitical findings40
5732730874China and india comparisonsPatriarchal41
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AP World History Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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6597917440Bedouinnomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats0
6597917441MeccaArabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam1
6597917442Medinatown northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar2
6597917443Umayyadclan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty3
6597917444Muhammad(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh4
6597917445Qur'anthe word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam5
6597917446Ummacommunity of the faithful within Islam6
6597917447Five Pillarsthe obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)7
6597917448Caliphthe successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community8
6597917449Alicousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism9
6597917450Abu Bakrsucceeded Muhammad as the first caliph10
6597917451JihadIslamic holy war11
6597917452Sunnisfollowers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads12
6597917453Shi'afollowers of Ali's interpretation of Islam13
6597917454Mawalinon-Arab converts to Islam14
6597917455Dhimmis"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus15
6597917456Abbasidsdynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad16
6597917457Hadiths"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam17
6597917458Wazirchief administrative official under the Abbasids18
6597917459DhowsArab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants19
6597917460Seljuk Turksnomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids20
6597917461Crusadesinvasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 129121
6597917462UlamaIslamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking22
6597917463SufisIslamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions23
6597917464Mongolscentral Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph24
6597917465Chinggis Khan(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms25
6597917466MamluksRulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves26
6597917467Arabic numeralsIndian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West27
6597917468Shrivijayatrading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam28
6597917469Malaccaflourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya29
6597917470Malistate of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers30
6597917471Mansatitle of the ruler of Mali31
6597917472Ibn BattutaArab traveler throughout the Muslim world32
6597917473Sundiatacreated a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 126033
6597917474Songhaysuccessor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao34
6597917475East African trading portsurbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar35
6597917476Great Zimbabwewith massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa36
6597917477Greek FireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople37
6597917478Iconsimages of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians38
6597917479Iconoclasmthe breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration39
6597917480ManzikertSeljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory40
6597917481Cyril and MethodiusByzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic41
6597917482Kievcommercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c42
6597917483Ruriklegendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 85543
6597917484Vladmir Iruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity44
6597917485Russian OrthodoxyRussian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire45
6597917486TatarsMongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact46
6597917487Middle Agesthe period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c47
6597917488Gothican architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls48
6597917489Vikingsseagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily49
6597917490Manorialismrural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection50
6597917491Serfspeasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system51
6597917492Three-field systempractice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure52
6597917493ClovisKing of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 49653
6597917494Carolingiansroyal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c54
6597917495Charles Martelfirst Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 73255
6597917496CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 80056
6597917497Holy Roman Emperorspolitical heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy57
6597917498Feudalismpersonal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service58
6597917499Vassalsmembers of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty59
6597917500William the Conquerorinvaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England60
6597917501Magna CartaGreat charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law61
6597917502Parliamentsbodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects62
6597917503Hundred Years Warconflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.63
6597917504Pope Urban IIorganized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control64
6597917505Investiturethe practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV65
6597917506Gregory VII11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops66
6597917507Thomas Aquinascreator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God67
6597917508Scholasticismdominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems68
6597917509Hanseatic Leaguean organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance69
6597917510Guildsassociations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities70
6597917511Black Deathbubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia71
6597917512Period of the Six Dynastiesera of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han72
6597917513Jinshititle given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office73
6597917514Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhismemphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia74
6597917515WuzongTang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism75
6597917516Southern Songsmaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.76
6597917517Grand Canalgreat canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin77
6597917518JunksChinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula78
6597917519Flying moneyChinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency79
6597917520Footbindingmale imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.80
6597917521Taika reformsattempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army81
6597917522Fujiwaramid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power82
6597917523Bushiregional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies83
6597917524Samuraimounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor84
6597917525Seppukuritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor85
6597917526Gempei warsWaged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age86
6597917527Bakufumilitary government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai87
6597917528Shogunsmilitary leaders of the bakufu88
6597917529Daimyoswarlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states89
6597917530Sinificationextensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions90
6597917531Yidynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence91
6597917532Trung Sistersleaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society92
6597917533Khmers and ChamsIndianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi93
6597917534Nguyensouthern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi94
6597917535Chinggis Khanborn in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 122795
6597917536Shamanistic religionMongol beliefs focused on nature spirits96
6597917537Batugrandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 123697
6597917538Golden Hordeone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c98
6597917539Ilkhan khanateone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire99
6597917540Hulegugrandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad100
6597917541MamluksMuslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260101
6597917542Kubilai Khangrandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271102
6597917543White Lotus Societysecret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty103
6597917544Ottoman EmpireTurkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire104
6597917545Ming Dynastyreplaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China105
6597917546Ethnocentrismjudging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history106
6597917547Muhammad's primary historical achievementspread of Islam107
6597917548Silk Road Trade system108
6597917549Kingdom of Mali109
6597917550Inca and Rome both hadextensive road systems110
6597917551Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place111
6597917552Champa Ricetributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase112
6597917553Diasporic communitiesmerchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas113
6597917554Trans Saharan tradeDominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..114
6597917555Effect of Muslim conquestscollapse of other empires, mass conversion115
6597917556Tang Dynastyfollowed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence116
6597917557Black Deathplague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.117
6597917558Indian Ocean Maritime Trade118
6597917559Cities that rose during this time due to increased tradeNovgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu119
6597917560Timbuktutrade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people120
6597917561New forms of monetizationChecks, Bills of Exchange121
6597917562Bantu Migrations122
6597917563footbindingbegan during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming123
6597917564Marco Polotraveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan124
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AP World History Flashcards

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2639733345Neolithic Age• Two developments of the Neolithic Age were agriculture/farming and domesticating animals & plants.0
2639734474Classical Civilizations• Two accomplishments of Ancient Greece were the Olympics and started Democracy. • Two accomplishments of Ancient Rome were creating new styles in architecture to beautify cities and emperors building arenas with many activities to entertain the poor • Two accomplishments of Ancient India were the creation of the concept of zero and the decimal system • Two accomplishments of China were the creation of gunpowder and the compass • The Silk Road was important because it was one of the first trade routes1
2639734475World Religions• Traits of Christianity = The Bible, Ten Commandments, and Jesus, Monotheistic • Traits of Hinduism = Moksha (Soul release from the cycle of death and rebirth), Dharma (Moral law), and Brahman (One true God), Polytheistic2
2639736389Byzantine Empire• The Byzantine Empire was created in 330 AD when the Roman Emperor Constantine adopted the city of Byzantium as his seat of power, renaming it Constantinople.3
2639736390Middle Ages• The feudal system in Europe was a way to offer protection through land and loyalty with people in ranks. What feudalism concentrated on was the peasant struggling to repay the lord's land (Manor) in order to survive which lead to the Manorial system. • Two causes of The Crusades were Pope Urban II called for a war and Turks encroached upon Constantinople • Two effects of The Crusades were how many peasants died and how kingdoms grew in size and power4
2639738471Golden Ages of China & India• Two discoveries of China during their Golden Age were printing and paper money • Two discoveries of India during their Golden Age were Zero and decimals5
2639739466Early Japanese History• Two traits of early Japanese Society were nature and poetry • The people that were involved in the Japanese Feudal System were peasants, leaders, etc. • The roles in the Japanese Feudal System were merchants, artisans, peasants, ronin, samurai, daimyo, shogun, and emperor.6
2639739591African Civilizations• Two features of early African Civilizations were trade (Gold & Iron) and farming • Mansa Musa (Mali) was important because he expanded territory, went on an pilgrimage to Mecca and came back with scholars, books and architects.7
2639741635Mongol Empire• Two features of the Mongol Empire were dominating lands and advanced techniques to successfully take control of an empire. • Two effects that the Mongols had upon world history were Pax Mongolica and the Mongols interest in China (Mongolia)8
2639741744Transformation of Western Europe• Two effects that the Black Death had upon Europe were many deaths and blaming others for it (God, Jews, etc.) • The Renaissance was the rebirth of many things leading people to go into humanism and make Europe advanced while also looking through life in a new perspective • The Renaissance affected world history by advancing art, literature, etc. and challenging the church which lead to the Spanish Inquisition.9
2639742931The Protestant Reformation• Two causes = Martin Luther's 95 Theses and people complaining/questioning about Catholic indulgences • Two effects = Protestantism (Religion) being created and division of religion. • Political: King Henry being head of the church10
2639742932The Printing Press• The person who created the printing press is Bi Sheng • The printing press affected world history by lowering the cost of books, libraries increasing, more books getting published, and more people learning how to read and write11
2639745578Pre-Columbian Civilizations of the Americas• Aztecs = The Civilization that created chinampas (Floating Gardens) and created their own calendar, writing and math system. The people did sacrifices to the Sun God (Polytheistic) and now is present day Mexico • Mayan's = Now is present day Guatemala along with each city having a chief who was half man/half god. The Maya civilization also created their own glyphs and math system along with many buildings (Pyramids, Observatory, etc.)12
2639746745The Age of Exploration and The Encounter• Zheng He (Explorer) = A Chinese explorer who set out on seven voyages across the seas to Africa and Asia where in the end, he increased the prominence of Chinese trade and the reputation of China. • Vasco da Gama (Explorer) = The first person able to sail directly from Europe to India on his two voyages. • The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries • It affected global history by expanding empires to America with giving them crops, livestock, and disease in return with more crops.13
2639746746The Age of Absolutism• The Age of Absolutism was a period of European history in which monarchs successfully gathered the wealth and power of the state to themselves (Absolute Monarchy). • Louis XIV (Leader/The Sun King) = Ruled France, said he was the state, claimed divine right, centralized government, spent money like nothing, and built a strong military. • Peter the Great (Leader) = Ruled Russia while westernizing Russia by strengthening military, expanding borders, and centralizing power. During the process, he forced people to work and contribute and if they refused, they would be executed.14
2639751895Intellectual Revolutions in Europe• The Scientific Revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period (mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry) transformed views of society and nature. • Galileo Galilei (Scientist) = The one who studied the laws of gravity and invented the telescope and microscope. • Nicolas Copernicus (Scientist) = The one who presented the heliocentric theory: the revolutionary notion that the Earth orbited the sun. • Their discoveries affected world history by expanding the minds of others (including scientists) and making them see the world in their point of view15
2639751896The Enlightenment• The Enlightenment was a time when minds questioned politics, philosophy, science, etc. and tried to use reasons to explain them. This event in history was also caused by the Scientific Revolution. • The ideas of the Enlightenment affected world history by expand the minds of others and made others think the same way, leading to many important revolutions. • John Locke (Thinker) = A philosopher and political theorist who is mostly known for arguing for liberty, religious tolerance and rights to life and property. He also influenced the American and French Revolution. • Baron de Montesquieu (Thinker) = A French political thinker known for expanding John Locke's political stance with the ideas of a division of state and separation of power (Executive, Legislative, and Judical)16
2639755671Political Revolutions• A political Revolution is when the government is replaced, or the form of government altered, but in which property relations are left intact because of protesters. • The causes of the French Revolution were Enlightenment ideas, the Estates-General and the Declaration of Rights of Man • Two key events of the French Revolution were the Fall of the Bastille and The Reign of Terror • Three results of the French Revolution were Napoléon Bonaparte rising to power, All the problems before the revolution were never resolved, and the beheading of King Louis XVI17
2639761501Latin American Revolutions• The people of Latin America were fighting for independence from Spain. • The background of Peninsulares social class in Latin America is the highest class with them being of pure blood (European-Born Whites) • The background of Creoles social class in Latin America is The second highest class with whites born in Latin America and owned most of the land though denied political rights. • The background of Metizos social class in Latin America is a mix of European & Indian who speak Spanish and denied basic rights • The background of Malattoes social class in Latin America is a mix of European & African denied basic rights. • The background of Slaves/Indians social class in Latin America is the lowest class with no rights and are mostly seen on plantations owned by Creoles.18
2639761502The Industrial Revolution• The Industrial Revolution was a period in the 18th to 19th centuries that started in Great Britain where rural societies in Europe and America became industrialized and urban. • Three effects of the Industrial Revolution were bad working conditions (leading to diseases, long hours, and separations of families), better transportation, and many inventions being made (Steam Engine being the most important)19
2639768130Nationalism• Nationalism is when an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation. • Three examples = The French Revolution, Germany during Hitler's reign and Latin American Countries during their revolutions.20
2639768131Imperialism• Imperialism is a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. • Three causes of Imperialism were Nationalism, wanting to spread religion, and people wanting to teach how their race was better (White Man's Burden) • The Congo (Nation) = Belgium captured the Congo where Belgium gave the people education, independence, and made them industrialized. Belgium also caused many people to die through war, starvation, forced labor, largely reduced birthrate and disease. • Rwanda (Nation) = The nation was first handed over to Germany during the Berlin Conference in 1884 with Germany influencing them with missionaries and political (Military).21
2639768132World War I• The causes of WWI were the death of Franz Ferdinand, militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism • WWI came to an end with the Treaty of Versailles on Nov. 11, 1918 • Two effects of WWI were Germany being blamed for everything during the Treaty of Versailles and the creation of the League of Nations & the Soviet Union.22
2639769523The Russian Revolution• The causes of the Russian Revolution were Tsar Nichola's actions (Ex: Putting his wife in place of gov't) along with citizens and workers protesting against how they live. • The effects of the Russian Revolution were Russia becoming a world power, end of autocratic rule with the death of Tsar Nicholas II, and the spread of communism.23
2639770386Totalitarianism Between World Wars• Totalitarianism is a political system in which the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible. • Three traits of totalitarianism under Joseph Stalin were dictatorship, one-party rule, and methods of enforcement (Secret Police & censorship)24
2639770387World War II• The events leading up to WWII were Fascism, expansion, Hitler going into power because of the Treaty of Versailles and the Great Depression. • The war began on September 1, 1939 after Germany invaded Poland, which led Britain and France to declare war on Germany in retaliation. • The key events of WWII were Pearl Harbor, Battle of Midway, D-Day, Dropping of the Atomic Bomb, and The Holocaust. • Three important effects of WWII were the start of the United Nations, End of imperialism and dictatorship in Europe, and the start of the Cold War.25
2639772604The Cold War• The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between the U.S.A and the Soviet Union. • Three ways this war was fought were Space War, the use of Propaganda, and the use of military. (Ex: Cuban Missile Crisis)26
2639772605Communism In China• China became a Communist Nation because of Mao Zedong, Mao's Communist Party, and the civil war (1920-1949) against Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong. • The policies of Mao Zedong were to have strict socialist ideas and to attack traditional Chinese ideas which is all in the "Little Red Book" that he distributed to citizens. Whoever opposed were either humiliated, beaten or killed. • Deng Xiaoping changed China with his reforms which made China's economy and society better than before.27
2639774324Decolonization (Independence Movements)• Independence affected India in 1947 which lead to violence and a million deaths, but then Gandhi tried to stop the violence with the Indian freedom movement, but then got killed in 1948 by an extremist • Congo (African Nation affected by independence) = Gained it on June 30, 1960 thanks to Belgium. This independence impacted them with their population growing again somewhat even though there were many deaths from war and starvation. • Kenya (African Nation affected by independence) = December 12, 1963 thanks to Britain. This independence impacted them with an increase in population, economy, poverty and a decrease in child morality.28
2639775166The Middle East After World War II• The nation of Israel was created in Tel Aviv Art Museum where Jewish Agency Chairman David Ben-Gurion stated "We hereby proclaim the establishment of the Jewish state in Palestine, to be called Israel". • The creation of this Jewish state lead to conflict in the region because during WWII, Britain made two promises. One was promising the Palestinians that if they joined them and overthrew the Ottoman Turks, they'd be given their own country. Britain also promised the Zionists that if they joined their cause, a Jewish homeland would be created for them. So now they fight for the land they both think they deserve. • Islamic Fundamentalism is a movement where people oppose the infiltration of secular, Westernizing influences and seek to institute Islamic law (Quran), including strict codes of behavior). • Two ways that Islamic Fundamentalism affected world history are destroying their economy, science and culture making them not accept change, so they go back to the Quran.29
2639775167The Collapse of Communism• The policies of Gorbachev lead to an end to Communism in the Soviet Union because of Perestroika and Glasnost which reconstructed the USSR, replacing gov't with democratization, and gave freedom to media, expressing views, and religious group. In the end, his policies changed the USSR as a whole along with changing a Communist Gov't to a Democratic gov't.30
2639776769Human Rights Violations• A genocide is violence against members of a national, ethnical, racial or religious group with the intent to destroy the entire group. • The Holocaust = This is one of the most famous genocides where in 1933, Germany put and killed almost Six million Jews, Slavs, disabled, Jehovah's Witnesses, and homosexuals in order to purify Germany. • Armenia = This is the earliest genocide in the history of the world where in 1915, Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire were rounded up, deported and executed on orders of the government. The actions used towards Armenians varied with massacres, forced deportation marches and deaths due to disease in concentration camps. This ended with more than 1 million Armenians, Assyrians and Greeks killed between 1915 and 1923. • Cambodia = This was one of the most cruel ways to commit genocide where in 1975, Cambodia began a "re-education" campaign towards doctors, teachers and students, but they instead of education, they got tortured at Tuol Sleng prison. This resulted in 1.7 to 2 million Cambodians dead after 4 years.31
2639777642Economic Systems• An economic system is a system of production and exchange of goods and services as well as allocation of resources in a society. • Traditional Economy: an original economic system in which traditions, customs, and beliefs shape the goods and the services the economy produces. • Market Economy: an economy in which decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system. • Command Economy: the government, rather than the free market, determines what goods should be produced, how much should be produced and the price at which the goods will be offered for sale.32
2639777643Environmental Problems• Pollution Causes (Environmental Problem) = Burning of fossil fuels, wastes spreaded, agricultural activities, etc. • Pollution Effects (Environmental Problem) = Health problems, global warming, acid rain, etc. • Overpopulation Causes (Environmental Problem) = Decline in the death rate, better medicine, technological advancements, etc. • Overpopulation Effects (Environmental Problem) = Unemployment, species going extinct, wars, depletion of natural resources, etc. • Deforestation Causes (Environmental Problem) = Make more land available for people to use, harvest trees to create everyday products, create ingredients, etc. • Deforestation Effects (Environmental Problem) = Global warming, floods, wildlife extinction, climate change • The current solutions to environmental problems in today's world are recycling, using solar and wind energy, etc.33
2639779117Science and Technology• The Green Revolution is a period when the productivity of global agriculture increased drastically as a result of new advances. • This event affected the course of global history by increase in production, advantage to farmers, loss of bio diversity, chemical in water, and weeds increased. • Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations.34
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AP World History Midterm Flashcards

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3699846734Which of the following statements concerning slavery on the continent of Africa before the arrival of the Europeans is most accurate?in many African societies, the control of slaves was one of the few ways in which individuals or lineages could increase their wealth and status0
3699861598In characterizing the period from 1450 to 1750 in the West, which of the following statements is not accurate?what was once an agricultural society had become a predominately manufacturing economy1
3699871258The development of agriculture caused important changes in all of the following except...male-female relations2
3699875420The significance of the Byzantine Empire included all of the following exceptthe empire's conquest of the Ottoman Empire and its inclusion of all of the Middle East3
3699880016What was the impact of the Crusades on Islam?in the long run, there was little impact on Islamic society and culture4
3699892187What was the Western response to the problems of international trade that they experienced in 1400?western nations began explorations of alternative routes to Asia that would bypass the Middle East and Muslim realms5
3699899244India's trading network involved direct contact with all of the following except...Russia6
3699908325All of the following constituted a function of government in Han China except...schools for peasant boys7
3699908326What was Catherine the Great's attitude towards the program of Westernization?Catherine flirted vigorously with the ideas of the French Enlightenment, but failed to take steps to abolish serfdom8
3699915258What was one of the primary limitations on the expansion of the agricultural economy?lack of technological improvement9
3699918102How did the Song Empire compare to the Tang?the Song empire was smaller in territorial extent than the Tang Empire10
3699924573Compared to modern American ideas of democracy, Athenian democracy was distinctive in...urging that all citizens participate directly in lawmaking and policymaking11
3699930037Which of the following statements concerning the interaction of North American colonists with the Indians is most accurate?Colonists interacted with Indians, learned from them, and misused them, but did not forge a new cultural grouping as occurred in much of Latin America12
3699938261All of the following were outcomes of Justinian's wars of reconquest except...the permanent addition of Rome to the Byzantine Empire13
3699943523The British were able to oust the French from Canada following the...7 years war14
3699946436Which of the following statements concerning leadership in Mongol society is most accurate?leaders were chosen by free males and held office for as long as they could keep it15
3699952334How did the Polish government differ from the Russian model after 1600?the central government was powerless16
3699956493Hellenistic society was known for its advances in...medicine and geometry17
3699959388Which of the following statements concerning the ulama is most accurate?it stressed an increasingly restrictive conservatism within Islam, particularly with respect to scientific inquiry18
3699964671What accounted for the downfall of the Songhay?invasion by a Moroccan Muslim army equipped with firearms, followed by internal revolts19
3699971248Which of the following statements concerning the inter-clan relationships in Bedouin society is most accurate?inter-clan violence over control of water and pasturage was common20
3699975400In general, how did Islam spread in SE Asia?port cities were points of dissemination to other links in the trading networks21
3699904855All of the following constituted a function of government in Han China except...schools for peasant boys22
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AP World History Chapter 11: The Mongols Flashcards

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5833586771Who was the leader of the Mongols?Chinggis Khan0
5833586772What was the main practice of the Mongols?Pastoral nomadism1
5833586773When did the Mongols invade China?1200's2
5833586774Who was the Mongolian ruler in China?Kubilai Khan3
5833586775What did the Mongols name their empire?Yuan Dynasty4
5833586776What was the capital of the Yuan Dynasty?Beijing5
5833586777How did the Mongols declare their power over China?1. Stated received Mandate of Heaven 2. Continued Chinese practices6
5833586778How did the Mongols treat Southern China?Assimilated and gave land if accepted Mongol rule7
5833586779How did the Mongols treat Northern China?Took in wealth from pasture land although wanted to exterminate people8
5833586780How did Khan help China?1. Improved infrastructure 2. Fixed taxation techniques 3. Lowered taxes and torture 4. Supported peasants and merchants/artisans 5. Followed Confucianism9
5833586781Why did the Mongols never become Chinese?1. Kept nomadic ways 2. Used foreigns for elite people (ex. Muslims) 3. Allowed women to maintain high government positions10
5833586782Why did the Yuan Dynasty fall in the 1300's?1. Factionalism 2. Epidemics 3. Peasant rebellions11
5833586783When did Mongols invade Persia?1200's and later12
5833586784What was special about the Mongolian conquering of Persia?Used massive violence13
5833586785How did the Mongols destroy the agriculture of the Middle East?1. High taxes 2. Persecution of peasants 3. Use of land for pastures which destroyed the soil 4. Neglect of the Qanat system14
5833586786How did the Mongols increase trade?1. Close connection with China for silk 2. Increase wine production 3. Rebuilt infrastructure15
5833586787How did the Persian Empire change to the Mongols?1. Adopted Persian bureaucratic system,language, and culture 2. Instituted Islam16
5833586788Why did the Mongols lose power to the Persians?Lost descendants17
5833586789When did the Mongols invade Russia?1200's18
5833586790What was unique about the Mongolian capture of Russia?Didn't settle there19
5833586791Why didn't the Mongols settle in Russia?1. No garrisoned cities 2. Bad economy 3. No permanent administrators 4. Had little purpose20
5833586792What did the Mongols do with the Russian POW's?Sent them back to Mongol pastures as slaves21
5833586793How did the Mongols keep control of the Russia area?Stationed in steppes and just overlooked the territory22
5833586794Why did the Churches enjoy the Mongol rule over Russia?Only taxed and set tribute system with the royals so churches benefitted23
5833586795How did the Mongols strengthen the Eastern Orthodoxy Church?1. Weapons 2 Diplomatic rituals 3. Court practices 4. Taxes 5, Military draft 6. Courier service24
5833586796Why did the Mongols lose power over Russia?Assimilated to the Kipchaks in the 1400's and Russian state divided power25
5833586797Did the Mongols still pose a threat after they lost their 3 empires?Yes, until conquered by Chinese and Russian Empires later on26
5834096419Characteristics of Mongol CultureNorthern steppe life, tribes divided into clans, temporary confederations, leaders elected, harsh yet tolerant of alien cultures.27
5834103991Genghis/Chingghis Khan (1162 - 1227)Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.28
5834120518Genghis Khan Family TreeJochi > Berke, Batu; Chagatai, Ogedei (Khan following Genghis), Tolul > Hulagu, Kublai29
5834128903Accomplishments of BatuSacks Kiev in 1240 and founds The Golden Horde (named for color of yurt), spares Novgorod, Russians in vassalage to horde. Moscow begins to thrive. Takes Hungary and Poland by 1241 and would have gone further if not for the death of Ogedei (possibly saving the rest of Europe). Eventually Russians defeat Golden Horde at Kulikovo in 1380.30
5834140583Accomplishments of HuleguDrives toward Middle East and sacks Baghdad to end the Abassid Dynasty in 1258, stunning the Turks, and killing 200,000 Baghadians. Stopped by Egyptian Mamluks (slave warriors) in 1260. Had to retreat to Mongolia with most of army upon death of Ogedei again. First significant defeat for Mongolia. Empire of Ilkhans (lesser Khans)31
5834149776The Mongol Empires of Eurasia (WI)Image32
5834158403Accomplishments of KublaiAttacks Song Dynasty and transforms it into the Yuan Dynasty (takes 70 years from 1209 to 1279). Capital at Dadu which later becomes Beijing. Has a summer home at Xanadu. Attempts invasion of Japan in 1274 and 1281, but failed b/c of the kamikaze (a large typhoon). Also fails to invade Vietnam.33
5834188926TartarsSame thing as Mongols.34
5834194763Marco Polo (1254-1324)Travels to East with father and uncle from 1271-1295, and hangs out with Kublai Khan in Shangdu. Imprisoned in Italy in 1298 after political conflict, but then writes Travels with a fellow inmate.35
5834199176Mongol DeclineLoses vast territory in 1350, Yuan dynasty over in 1368 (in which Ming Dynasty follows)36
5834203857Pax MongolicaThe period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.37
5834206370Timur the Lame (Tamerlane)Turkic-Mongolian with a base at Samarkand. Muslim who seeks legitimacy. Conquests in Persia, Middle East, India, and Russia 1360s. Seizes Mongol lands, and sacks Delhi Sultanate, then devastates Damascus and Baghdad. Dies in 1405 and no more conquest. Last to bridge Eurasia, finally shifts power permanently to settled states over nomadic ones.38
5834223139KarakorumCapital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan.39
5834229003Crazy Mongolian war techniquesMass execution of those who failed to act according to Mongol ideals, unskilled people become human shields of war and moat fill-ins (HOLY CRAP)40
5834236904Mongol Relay StationsSystem of stations in a line that permits the quick transport of information across the empire. About a day's ride apart, and often used by merchants (whom Mongols were eager to accommodate).41
5834712369Ogodei's Plan for ChinaExterminate everyone in northern China and use it for pastureland. (Rejected thankfully)42
5834721293Benefits of Mongol occupation on ChinaImproved roads, built canals, lowered some taxes, patronized scholars and artists, limited the death penalty and torture, supported peasant agriculture, and prohibited Mongols from grazing their animals on peasants' farmland. (Still pretty bad rulers though, since they treat the natives just like slaves regardless)43
5834732556ChabiWife of Kublai who attempted to convince her husband of the benefits of agriculture over pastoralism.44
5834915216Why did Moscow emerge as more powerful than Kiev after the Mongol invasion?Kiev resisted, whereas Moscow remained neutral. Kiev was then sacked.45
5834925663What enabled the Russians to break free from the rule of the Russians in the fifteenth century?Plague, and the growing strength of Russia now focused in Moscow.46
5834934876Mongol attitude toward merchantsHIGHLY supportive, provided tax breaks and use of facilities along with financial incentive, likely so that commerce could be more heavily taxed.47
5834980546ModunGreat ruler of the Xiongnu Empire (r. 210-174 B.C.E.) who created a centralized and hierarchical political system.48
5834982847Xiongnunomadic raiders from the grasslands north of China during the reign of Han dynasty; emperor Wudi fought against them in the mid-100s BC49
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AP World History Chapter 18 Flashcards

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5746639086Africanization of ChristianityProcess that occurred in non-Muslim Africa, where millions who were converted to Christianity sought to maintain older traditions alongside new CHristian ideas; many converts continued using protective charms and medicines and consulting local medicine men, and many continued to believe in their old gods and spirits0
5746639087apartheidAfrikan term literally meaning "aparthood"; the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks1
5746639088Berlin ConferenceEuropean leaders met to set up rules for colonizing Africa2
5746639089Blyden, EdwardProminent West African scholar and political leader (1832-1912) who argued that each civilization, including that of Africa, has its own unique contribution to make to the world3
5746639090cash-crop agricultureAgricultural production, often on a large scale, or crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves4
5746639091colonial racisma pattern of European racism in the Asian and AFrican colonies that created a great racial divide between Europeans and the natives, and limited native access to education and the civil service, based especially on pseudo-scientific notions of naturally superior and inferior races5
5746639092colonial tribalisma European tendency, especially in African colonies, to identify and sometimes invent distinct "tribes" that had often not existed before, reinforcing European notions that African societies were primitive6
5746639093Congo Free State/ Leopold IILeopold II was king of Belgium from 1865-1909; his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of death7
5746639094cultivation systemsystem of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in 19th century, peasants were required to cultivate at 20% of their land in cash crops, such as sugar and coffee, for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops8
5746639095European racisma new kind of racism that emerged in the 19th century that increasingly used the prestige and apparatus of science to support European racial prejudices and preferences9
5746639096Imperialismdomination of one country by the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region10
5746639097Indian Rebellion 1857-1858massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ11
5746639098informal empiresterm commonly used to describe areas such as Latin America and China that were dominated by Western powers in the 19th century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence12
5746639099invention of traditionsin many colonial states, a process of forging new ways of belonging and self-identification that defined and to some extent mythologized the region's past, especially to create broader terms of belonging than had existed before13
5746639100Rhodes, CecilBritish imperialist who represented Great Britain in southern Africa. Made a fortune from the control of diamond mines14
5746639101scramble for Africaname used for the process of the European's countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-190015
5746639102SepoyIndian soldier in an army set up by the French or English East India Company16
5746639103Social Darwinismapplied to the idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic competitions; belief that some races were more "fit" than others17
5746639104Vivekananda, Swamileading religious figure of the 19th century India 91863-1902); advocate of a revived Hinduism and its mission to reach out to the spiritually impoverished West18
5746639105Western-educated elitethe main beneficiaries in Asian and African lands colonized by Western powers; schooled in the imperial power's language and practices, they moved into their country's professional classes but ultimately led anti colonial movements as they grew discouraged by their inability to win equal status to the colonizers19
5746639106White Man's burdenthe idea that it is the responsibility of people of European descent to take care of people of other races due to their perceived superior culture, technology, government, etc.20
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AP World History Flashcards

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7390832458Big Geographywould be study of the history of the world as a physical object with its many constantly changing parts.0
7390837637Paleolithic eraprehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools and covers roughly 95% of human technological prehistory.1
7390851989Savannaa grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees.2
7390862864Desertbarren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life3
7390879696Tundraa vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen.4
7390883448hunting-foraging bandsare very small communities based on kinship that hunt and gather for food, while being politically independent.5
7390892248Neolithic Revolutionwide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement6
7390902510Early Agricultural SocietiesPaleolithic man made one of the most important discoveries that humans have ever made: that every plant has the ability to reproduce itself.7
7390910657Ice Agea glacial episode during a past geological period.8
7390917614settled agricultureAgriculture like farming or permanent agriculture.9
7390943815intensive cultivationinvolves various types of agriculture with higher levels of input and output per unit of agricultural land area.10
7391599497irrigation systemscomplex combinations of canals, channels, and hoses.11
7394533389water control systemsPublic water system is a regulatory term used in the United States and Canada, referring to certain utilities and organizations providing drinking water.12
7394548135domesticated animalsto live and breed in a tame condition and depend on humankind for survival.13
7394576142domesticated plantsthe process of changing plants to make them more useful to human beings and then purposely raising them as crops.14
7394586217patriarchy (patriarchal social organizations)a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line.15
7402192708forced labor systemssituations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as accumulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities.16
7402290352societythe aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.17
7402343179pastoralismis the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.18
7402475023permanent agricultural villagesA permanent villages built on the concept of agriculture and growing crops.19
7405281515eastern MediterraneanThe Eastern Mediterranean is a sub region of the Mediterranean Basin around the eastern Mediterranean Sea located in Western Asia, Southeastern Europe, and eastern North Africa.20
7409906109Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River ValleysTwo major rivers that travel through the middle east.21
7409944507Egypt in the Nile River ValleyThe Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world, though other conflicting sources cite a 2007 study that gave the title to the Amazon River in South America.22
7409976293Mohenjo-daro and Harappa in the Indus River ValleyThe civilization of the Indus River at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa arose at about 2500 BCE and ended with apparent destruction about 1500 BCE. It is uncertain whether this civilization had its roots in Sumer or Sumer had its roots in this civilization.23
7410027220Shang in the Yellow River (or Huang He) ValleyOriginating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province of western China, it flows through nine provinces, and it empties into the Bohai Sea near the city of Dongying in Shandong province.24
7410097926Olmec in MesoamericaThe Olmec culture thrived along Mexico's gulf coast from roughly 1200 to 400 B.C. Best known today for their carved colossal heads, the Olmecs were an important early Mesoamerican civilization which had much influence on later cultures such as the Aztecs and the Maya.25
7410123540Chavin in Andean South AmericaThe Chavín culture is an extinct, prehistoric civilization, named for Chavín de Huantar, the principal archaeological site at which its artifacts have been found. The culture developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru from 900 BCE to 200 BCE. It extended its influence to other civilizations along the coast.26
7410126821AndesThe Andes, running along South America's western side, is among the world's longest mountain ranges. Its varied terrain encompasses glaciers, volcanoes, grassland, desert, lakes and forest.27
7410146399Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara28
7410177377Papua New Guinea. A country of immense cultural and biological diversity, it's known for its beaches and coral reefs. Inland are active volcanoes, granite Mt. Wilhelm, dense rainforest and hiking routes like the Kokoda Trail. There are also traditional tribal villages, many with their own languages.29
7412461490Afro-Eurasian grasslandsPastoralism developed at various sites in the grasslands of Afro-Eurasia. Different crops or animals were domesticated in the various core regions, depending on available local flora & fauna. ... numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading to erosion when overgrazed.30
7412549275overgrazedgraze (grassland) so heavily that the vegetation is damaged and the ground becomes liable to erosion.31
7412575508specialization of laborSpecialization of labor is a powerful force in an economy, benefiting small and large businesses alike.32
7412613079classesthe system of ordering a society in which people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status.33
7412646127artisansa worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand.34
7412674621warriorsa brave or experienced soldier or fighter.35
7412686702elitesa select part of a group that is superior to the rest in terms of ability or qualities.36
7412709091urban societiesa society that is typical of modern industrial civilization and heterogeneous in cultural tradition, that emphasizes secular values, and that is individualized rather than integrated —contrasted with folk society.37
7412740413first civilizationsCivilizations can be seen as networks of cities that emerge from pre-urban cultures and are defined by the economic, political, military, diplomatic, social and cultural interactions among them. Any organization is a complex social system and a civilization is a large organization. The Persian civilization. Ancient Greek Civilization. Chinese Civilization. ... Mayan Civilization. Ancient Egyptian civilization. ... Indus Valley Civilization. Mesopotamian Civilization.38
7412802814agricultural surplusesAn agricultural production that exceeds the needs of the society for which it is being produced, and may be exported or stored for future times.39
7412838121specialization of laborSpecialization of labor is a powerful force in an economy, benefiting small and large businesses alike.40
7412844507political bureaucraciesrefers to both a body of non-elective government officials and an administrative policy-making group. Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials.41
7412875920religious hierarchiesA religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control42
7412903130stratified social hierarchiesSocial stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.43
7421497344long-distance trading relationshipsIn some societies people had been procuring or producing goods for long-distance trade—or providing goods or services to sustain it, or trading to the East Coast—for decades or even a century.44
7421529796nomadic pastoralistsNomadic pastoralism is a form of pastoralism when livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze.45
7421845911HittitesThe Hittites were an Ancient Anatolian people who established an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC.46
7421898968monumental architecturemonument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, or as an example of historic architecture.47
7421924762urban planningImage result for urban planning Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and use of land, planning permission, protection and use of the environment, public welfare, and the design of the urban environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas48
7421973795Record keepingThe maintenance of a history of one's activities, as financial dealings, by entering data in ledgers or journals49
7422059047legal codesA code of law, also called a law code or legal code, is a type of legislation that purports to exhaustively cover a complete system of laws or a particular area of law as it existed at the time the code was enacted, by a process of codification.50
7422079950Vedic religionThe historical Vedic religion (also known as Vedism, Brahmanism, Vedic Brahmanism, and ancient Hinduism) was the religion of the Indo-Aryans of northern India during the Vedic period.51
7422112702Hebrew monotheismis one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world.52
7422135526ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.53
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While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!