Biology

Chapter 20: Biotechnology The AP Biology exam has reached into this chapter for essay questions on a regular basis over the past 15 years. Student responses show that biotechnology is a difficult topic. This chapter requires a strong conceptual understanding of the technological processes and the underlying biology that guides the procedure. With a little careful work, this chapter will give you insights into the incredible advancements already made and a basis for understanding the new marvels yet to be discovered in biotechnology. Overview 1. It is important to understand the meaning of the three terms in bold to start this chapter.

Chapter 47: Animal Development Overview ?It is difficult to imagine that each of us began life as a single cell called a zygote ?A human embryo at about 6?8 weeks after conception shows development of distinctive features 1. An organism?s development is controlled by the genome of the zygote as well as by molecules from the mother that are in the cytoplasm of the egg. What are these proteins and RNAs called? ?Development is determined by the zygote?s genome and molecules in the egg called cytoplasmic determinants 2. What is cell differentiation? ?Cell differentiation is the specialization of cells 3. How do cytoplasmic determinants affect cell differentiation? ?Structure and function 4. What is morphogenesis? ?Morphogenesis is the process by which an animal takes shape

Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Overview: Drawing from the Deck of Genes What genetic principles account for the passing of traits from parents to offspring? The ?blending? hypothesis is the idea that genetic material from the two parents blends together (like blue and yellow paint blend to make green) The ?particulate? hypothesis is the idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes) Mendel documented a particulate mechanism through his experiments with garden peas Concept 14.1: Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments Mendel?s Experimental, Quantitative Approach Advantages of pea plants for genetic study:

AP Biology Guided Reading Chapter 41 1. Contrast the terms undernourished, overnourished and malnourished? Undernourished is when an animal does not have enough nutrients and therefore does not have enough energy, while overnourished is when the animal have too much nutrients, which will be stored as fat. Malnourished is when an animal does not have enough of one or more essential nutrients. A person can be overnourished, but still be malnourished if they are lacking one or more essential nutrients. ? 2. What are essential amino acids and essential fatty acids? Essential amino acids and fatty acids are ones that the organism cannot make and therefore must obtain in their diet. ? 3. Contrast vitamins and minerals.