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Biology

Ecology Study Guide

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Ecology Study Guide Notes Chapter 50: Intro to Ecology The Scope -3 main questions: Where do they live? Why do they live where they do? How many are there? -Ecology helps reveal the richness of the biosphere and helps humans understand how to protect that diversity and richness which is now under attack. 50.1 Ecology is the study between organisms and the environment - Naturalists began studying organisms in their environment. Humans have also had need to know about organisms for hunting and gathering. - Ecology is very much an experimental science (field experiments). The difficulty to provide consistent results has resulted in many innovations regarding experimental science. Ecology and Evolution

Chapter 5 Outline Part 2 World of Dreams

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Chapter 5 Outline On the Nature of Consciousness Consciousness is the awareness of internal and external stimuli. Includes: Awareness of external events (the professor asked me a hard question) Awareness of internal events (my heart was starting to race and I was sweating) Awareness of yourself as the unique being to experience this (why me?) Your awareness about the thought of these experiences (I?m going to make a fool of myself) Consciousness never stops and it would be an endless thought of ideas. William James nicknamed this ?the stream of consciousness? Variations in Levels of Awareness Freud argued that people?s feelings and behavior are driven by unconscious needs, wishes and conflicts.

Genetics

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4/2/13 1:14 PM DNA Deoxyribose Double Stranded (Double Helix) Nitrogenous bases (Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine) RNA Ribonucleic Single Stranded Nitrogenous bases (Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Uracil) Both have phosphate Cytosine = Guanine Adenine = Thymine DNA Replication is semi conservative. DNA Replication happens during interphase. One strand determines the sequence of the other strand. DNA polymerase copies DNA strands in the 5?->3? direction. Transcription ? The first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme, RNA polymerase. Translation ? The process through which cellular ribosomes manufacture proteins. In DNA, T=A G=C In RNA, T=A G=C A=U Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

Mitosis and Meiosis

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2/27/13 1:16 PM Sisterchromatids ? 2 identical copies of a chromosome/chromatin attached at a centromere. Meiosis 2 divisions called meiosis I and meiosis II. During Meiosis I Crossing over ? exchanges genetic information between homologous chromosomes. Independent assortment ? Line up randomly and separate into daughter cells Both increase genetic diversity in sexual reproduction. During Meiosis II Sisterchromatids divide Final Result 4 cells, haploid genetically different from original cell. Mitosis and Meiosis 2/27/13 1:16 PM 2/27/13 1:16 PM
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Rocklin High School Notes

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19-2:??Ecology of Organsims I.???????????????????Biotic & Abiotic factors?=?Living & non-living factors in an environment that affect an organism. ??????????? *Name the important abiotic factors: temperature, humidity, pH, salinity, oxygen concentration, sunlight, availability of nitrogen, precipitation *How are?biotic?and?abiotic?factors not independent? ?organisms can change environments, and environments can change organisms A.? Name the three different ways that the environment has changes in temperature: it can vary with time, or by place, or by location within a habitat (shade or sun) B.? Draw the?tolerance curve?from page 369 (fig 19-8): ?

CH 54 Bio Notes

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Primary productivity aka BIOMASS B/c some ecosystems are better at converting solar energy then others, we calc PP to indicate how efficient a partic ecosys is @ convert solar energy *Expressed as a Biomass/Rate-- The dry mass of vegetation produced per unit time (g/m2/yr) Aka BIOMASS The amt of light energy converted to chemical energy in a given amt of time Gross (Total) Primary Productivity (GPP) Not all of all the chemical energy produced is available to be passed on to primary consumers Autotrophs (primary producers) use some of energy themselves for cellular respiration Total primary productivity of an autroph Total amt of energy fixed by plants Net primary productivity (NPP) [GPP] ? [Energy Used by Autotrophs] = [NPP] Expressed as biomass per square meter/yr

Campbell Bio 8Ed Ch1 Notes Outline

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Chapter 1 Inquiring About the World of Life: Evolution: fundamental organizing principle of bio Biology: scientific study of life Answer questions about our everyday lives Evolution is core of bio New properties exist at each level of biology Emergent properties: arise at each level that do not exist at the preceding level Systems Biology: goal is to model the dynamic behavior of bio systems Organisms interact with environment Structure and Function Correlate at all levels Cells are basic units of structure and function Eukaryotic cell: subdivided into internal membranes Prokaryotic cell: simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cell Life based on information in form of DNA Genes: units that transmit inheritance info Genome: ?library of genetic instructions an organism inherits?

Biology Notes

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Unit I: The Concept of Life Biology : The Study of Life How is Life Defined? Key Idea: All living things carry out eight essential life functions. Collectively, the eight life functions are known as metabolism. Nutrition: the process in which food (organic molecules) is absorbed (ingestion) and used or broken down (digestion). Transport: the process in which material is moved from one place to another (circulated) within organisms. Active Transport: the type of transport that moves material from a low to high concentration while using energy.

Chapter 1- Campbell Biology

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Chapter 1 Exploring Life Figure 1.1 Biology is the science that focuses on life Figure 1.2 Some properties of life (c) Response to the environment (a) Order (d) Regulation (g) Reproduction (f) Growth and development (b) Evolutionary adaptation (e) Energy processing Figure 1.3 Exploring Levels of Biological Organization 1 The biosphere 2 Ecosystems 3 Communities 4 Populations 5 Organisms 8 Cells 6 Organs and organ systems 7 Tissues 10 Molecules 9 Organelles 50 ?m 10 ?m 1 ?m Cell Atoms Figure 1.4 Basic scheme for energy flow through an ecosystem Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Consumers (including animals) Sunlight Chemical energy Heat Heat Ecosystem

Biology Chapter 1

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Chapter 1 ? Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Overview: Inquiring About Life Concept 1.1 ? The themes of this book make connections across different areas of biology Theme: New Properties Emerge at Each Level in the Biology Hierarchy Emergent Properties The Power and Limitations of Reductionism Systems Biology Theme: Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment Theme: Life Requires Energy Transfer and Transformation Theme: Structure and Function are Correlated at All Levels of Biology Organization Theme: The Cell Is an Organism?s Basic Unit of Structure and Function Theme: The Continuity of Life Is Based on Heritable Information in the Form of DNA DNA Structure and Function Genomics: Large-Scale Analysis of DNA Sequences

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