Psychology

Chapter 11: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness Personality Traits Dispositions and dimensions The Five-Factor Model Extraversion Neuroticism Openness to experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness Psychodynamic Perspectives Freud?s psychoanalytic theory Structure of personality Id - Pleasure principle Ego - Reality principle Superego - Morality Levels of awareness Conscious Unconscious Preconscious Psychodynamic Perspectives Freud?s psychoanalytic theory Conflict Sex and Aggression Anxiety Defense Mechanisms Figure 11.2 Freud?s model of personality structure Figure 11.3 Freud?s model of personality dynamics Table 11.1 Defense Mechanisms, with Examples Freud on Development: Psychosexual Stages

Chapter 8: Cognition and Intelligence Types of Problems Problems of inducing structure Series completion and analogy problems Problems of arrangement String problem and Anagrams Often solved through insight Problems of transformation Hobbits and orcs problem Water jar problem Figure 8.1 Six standard problems used in studies of problem solving Effective Problem Solving Barriers to effective problem solving: Irrelevant Information Functional Fixedness Mental Set Unnecessary Constraints Figure 8.7 The tower of Hanoi problem Figure 8.8 Solutions to the additional water jar problems Approaches to Problem Solving Trial-and-error Heuristics Forming subgoals Searching for analogies Changing the representation of a problem Figure 8.11 Solution to the Buddhist monk problem

Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior Basic assumption: events are governed by some lawful order Goals: Measurement and description Understanding and prediction Application and control Figure 2.1 Flowchart of steps in a scientific investigation Steps in a Scientific Investigation Formulate a testable hypothesis Select the research method and design the study Collect the data Analyze the data and draw conclusions Report the findings Table 2.1 Key Data Collection Techniques in Psychology Looking for Causes: Experimental Research Experiment = manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed Detection of cause-and-effect relationships