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AP Biology - Cells Flashcards

Campbell's Ch 6, 7: structure and function, prokaryotes v eukaryotes, mvmnt of substances, protein function. Also Cliff's AP Bio 4th ed., Ch 3: Cells.

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4975729553	plasma membrane	separates internal metabolic event; controls mvmnt of materials	0
4975729554	saturated fatty acid membrane	packed tight; rigid membrane	1
4975729555	unsaturated fatty acid membrane	not packed tight; flexible membrane	2
4975729556	selectively permeable	allows: small, unchanged, polar molecules; hydrophobic molecules blocks: large polar molecules; ions	3
4975729557	integral proteins	imbedded in bilipid layer	4
4975729558	peripheral proteins	attached to membrane surface	5
4975729559	channel proteins	passage for hydrophillic substances	6
4975729560	aquaporins	channel proteins; increase rate of H20 passage	7
4975729561	ion channels	ions; gated channels	8
4975729562	gated channels	open and close in response to stimuli EX: nerve and muscle cells	9
4975729563	carrier proteins	specific molecules bind, changing protein shape	10
4975729564	transport proteins	use ATP (active transport) EX: sodium-potassium pump	11
4975729565	recognition proteins	unique identification; glycoproteins EX: blood types	12
4975729566	receptor proteins	provide binding sites; activates specific cell response	13
4975729568	cholesterol	stability to animal cells; @ high T=maintain firmness, @ low T=allows flexibility	14
4975729569	organelles	bodies within cytoplasm; chemical rxns isolated, able to take place w/o interference; large surface areas to max. space for rxns	15
4975729570	nucleus	contains DNA and nucleoli; site of cell division	16
4975729571	chromatin	DNA spread through nucleus like web	17
4975729572	chromosomes	DNA becomes rod-shaped as cell begins division; includes 2 long DNA molecules and histone proteins	18
4975729573	histones	organize long DNA	19
4975729574	nucleosomes	coiling of DNA by histones	20
4975729575	nucleoli	concentrations of DNA in process of manufacturing ribosomes	21
4975729576	nuclear pores	passageway for proteins and RNA	22
4975729577	nuclear envelope	2 bilipid layers; bounded to nucleus, continuous with ER	23
4975729578	ribosome	2 RNA subunits + proteins; free v bound; protein synthesis	24
4975729579	free ribosomes	in cytosol; proteins made function within cell EX: enzymes that catalyze sugar breakdown	25
4975729580	bound ribosomes	attached to ER or nuclear envelope; proteins made function within cell membrane or exported from cell	26
4975729581	smooth ER	w/o ribosomes; synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolizes CHO, detoxification	27
4975729582	rough ER	w/ ribosomes; synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins, produces new membrane	28
4975729583	golgi apparatus	collect, modify, and package proteins, CHO and lipids	29
4975729584	lysosomes	(animal cells only) vesicles from Golgi with hydrolytic enzymes; break down material in cytosol for recycling; low pH	30
4975729585	peroxisomes	animals: breakdown H202, fatty acids, AAs; plants: modify by-products of photosynthesis	31
4975729586	mitochondria	carry out cellular respiration; two membranes allow separation of metabolic processes	32
4975729587	chloroplasts	(plant cells only) carry out photosynthesis; two membranes	33
4975729588	microtubules	made of protein tubulin; found in spindle apparatus (guides chromosome mvmnt in cell division); support and motility for cell activity	34
4975729589	intermediate filaments	support for cell shape	35
4975729590	microfilaments	made of protein actin; found in cells that move by shape change, e.g. muscle cells; cell motility	36
4975729591	flagella	long, few, snake-like mvmnt; 9+2 microtubule EX: sperm	37
4975729592	cilia	short, many, back-and-forth mvmnt; 9+2 microtubule EX: line respiratory tract	38
4975729593	centrioles	(animal cells only) microtubule organizing centers; create spine apparatus in cell division	39
4975729594	transport vesicles	move materials btwn organelles	40
4975729595	food vacuoles	receive nutrients; usually merge with lysosomes	41
4975729596	contractile vacuoles	collect and pump water in cell	42
4975729597	central vacuoles	(plant cells only) contain most of plant cell interior; exert tugor when full for cell rigidity; functions specialized: 1) store starch, nutrients, waste, etc. 2) lysosome function 3) cell growth by absorbing H20 4) renders large SA-to-V ratio	43
4975729598	cell walls	(plant cells only) support	44
4975729599	extracellular matrix	(animal cells only) mechanical support, helps bind adjacent cells	45
4975729606	prokaryotes	plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall	46
4975729607	hypertonic	solute hypertonic to solution=higher [solutes]	47
4975729608	hypotonic	solute hypotonic to solution=lower [solutes]	48
4975729609	isotonic	[solute]=[solution]	49
4975729611	passive transport	[higher] to [lower]; increases w/ increase in [x], temp., smaller particle size	50
4975729612	diffusion	random mvmnt leads to net mvmnt from [high] to [low]	51
4975729613	osmosis	diffusion of water across selectively permeable mmbrn	52
4975729614	turgor pressure	osmosis into cell	53
4975729615	plasmolysis	osmosis out of cell	54
4975729616	cell lysis	swelling of cell b/c excess turgor pressure	55
4975729617	facilitated diffusion	diffusion through channel or carrier proteins	56
4975729618	active transport	[lower] to [higher]; requires use of E (usually ATP)	57
4975729619	electrochemical gradient	combo. of concentration and electrical voltage gradients of ions	58
4975729620	cotransport	protein that allows downhill mvmt to drive another uphill; E for uphill from [gradient] from downhill	59
4975729621	vesicular transport	uses vesicles to move substances across plasma mmbrn	60
4975729622	exocytosis	fuse w/ membrane, release contents outside cell	61
4975729623	endocytosis	capture substance outside cell, fuse w/ membrane, release contents into cell; 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated	62
4975729624	phagocytosis	cellular eating; undissolved material enters cell; forms phagocytic vesicle	63
4975729625	pinocytosis	cellular drinking; dissolved material enters cell; forms liquid vesicle	64
4975729626	receptor-mediated endocytosis	specific molec. (ligands) binds to site, resulting in pinocytosis	65
4975729627	water potential	movement of water from where there is high potential to low potential; based upon solute and pressure components	66
4975729628	solute potential	=-iCRT i = ionization constant (NaCl = 2, glucose = 1) C = concentration (M) R = constant (0.0831 mol-liters/bar K) T = temperature (K) more solute = lower overall potential	67
4975729629	pressure potential	measurement of pressure, in an open container usually = 0	68

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GWHS AP Biology - Chapter 53: Population Ecology Flashcards

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9555356006	Random Dispersion	the position of each individual in a population is independent of other individuals	0
9555356007	Population	a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area -described by their boundaries and size; likely to rely on same resources, influenced by similar environmental factors, a breed/interact w/ one another	1
9555356008	Density	the number of individuals per unit area volume -the result of an interplay between processes that add individuals to a population and those that remove individuals	2
9555356009	Dispersion	the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population	3
9555356010	Immigration	the influx of new individuals from other areas	4
9555356011	Emigration	the movement of individuals out of a population	5
9555356012	Uniform dispersion	individuals are evenly distributed	6
9555356013	Clumped dispersion	individuals are aggregated in patches - plants and fungi are often clumped where soil conditions and other environmental factors favor germination and growth.	7
9555356014	Territoriality	the defense of a bounded space against other individuals -competition for territory may limit density	8
9555356015	Random dispersion	the position of each individual is independent of other individuals	9
9555356016	Demography	the study of the vital statistics of population and how they change over time -death rates, birth rates, migration rates, survivorship rates, reproductive rates	10
9555356017	Life table	an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population	11
9555356018	Cohort	group of individuals of the same age	12
9555356019	Survivorship curve	a graphic way of representing the data in a life table	13
9555356020	Type I	low death rates during early and middle life and an increase in death rates among older groups	14
9555356021	Type II	a constant death rate over the organism's life span	15
9555356022	Type III	high death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors	16
9555356023	Reproductive rate	measured as the average number of female offspring produced by females in a given age-group	17
9555356024	Reproductive table	fertility schedule age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population	18
9555356025	Zero population growth (ZPG)	when the birth rate = the death rate	19
9555356026	exponential population growth	population increase idealized conditions under these conditions, the rate of increase is at its maximum, denoted as rmax equation of exponential population growth --- dN/dt = rinstN	20
9555356027	Carrying capacity (K)	the maximum population size the environment can support	21
9555356028	Logistic population growth	the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached dN/dt = rinstN((K-N)/K)	22
9555356030	Life history	comprises the traits that affected its schedule of reproduction and survivial -life history traits are evolutionary outcomes reflected in teh development, physiology, and behavior of an organism	23
9555356031	Life history diversity	-the age at which reproduction begins -how often the organism reproduces -how many offspring are produced per reproductive	24
9555356032	Semelparity	big bang reproduction highly variable or unpredictable environments favor ___________	25
9555356033	Iteroparity	repeated reproduction dependable environment favor __________	26
9555356034	K-selection	density-dependent selection, selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density	27
9555356035	r-selection	density-independent selection, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction	28
9555356036	Density-independent populations	birth rate and death rate do not change with population density	29
9555356037	Density-dependent population	birth rates fall and death rates rise with population density	30
9555356038	Competition for resources	increasing population density intensifies competition for resources and results in lower birth rate	31
9555356039	Disease	population density can influence the health of survival or organisms pathogens can spread more rapidly	32
9555356040	Predation	as the prey population builds up, predators may feed preferentially on that species	33
9555356041	Intrinsic Factors	____________ (physiological) factors appear to regulate population size	34
9555356042	Toxic waste	accumulation of toxic wastes can contribute to density-dependent regulation of population size	35
9555356043	Population dynamics	focuses on the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variations in population size	36
9555356044	Metapopulations	groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration -local populations in a metapopulation occupy patches of suitable habitat surrrounded by unsuitable habitat -local populations lost through exctinctions can be recolonized by immigration from other patches	37
9555356045	Demographic transition	the move from the first state to the second state	38
9555356046	Age structure	the relative number of individuals at each age	39
9555356047	population ecology	the study of populations in relation to their environment; explores how biotic and abiotic facts influences the abundance, dispersion, and age structure of populations	40
9555356048	Mark-recapture method	The number of marked animals captured in the second sampling (x) divided by the total num- ber of animals captured in the second sampling (n) should equal the number of individuals marked and released in the first sampling (s) divided by the estimated population size (N): (x/n)=(s/N); N=(sn)/x	41

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AP Biology Membrane Structure and Function Flashcards

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7986694882	Fluid Mosaic Model	Model that says the membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded.	0
7986713806	Phospholipid Bilayer	2 layers of phospholipids with proteins embedded.	1
7986729318	Cholesterol	Lipid that stiffens and strengthens the membrane.	2
7986752113	Glycolipids	Carbohydrate chains attached to phospholipids.	3
7986763094	Glycoproteins	Carbohydrate chains attached to proteins.	4
7986775059	Channel protein	Proteins involved in the passage of molecules through the membrane. They have a channel that allow substances to move across the membrane.	5
7986795617	Carrier protein	Proteins that combine with substances and help them move across the membrane.	6
7986816751	Cell Recognition Proteins	Glycoproteins that help the body recognize when it is being invaded by pathogens.	7
7986828755	Receptor Proteins	Proteins that have a specific shape that allows a specific molecule to bind to it.	8
7986840003	Enzymatic Proteins	Proteins that carry out metabolic reactions directly.	9
7986851294	Differentially Permeable	Certain substances can move across the membrane, while others cannot.	10
7987304978	Concentration Grandient	The difference of concentration throughout a space.	11
7987331712	Diffusion	The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.	12
7987651097	Solution	Contains both a solute, usually a solid, and a solute, usually a liquid.	13
7987664293	Solute	The substance being dissolved.	14
7987668212	Solvent	The substance doing the dissolving.	15
7987673374	Osmosis	The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.	16
7987684835	Osmotic pressure	Pressure that develops in a system due to osmosis.	17
7987719778	Isotonic Solution	The solute concentration and the water concentration are the same both inside and outside the cell.	18
7987730895	Hypotonic Solution	The solution has a lower concentration of solute than the cell.	19
7987741520	Hypertonic Solution	The solution has a higher concentration of solute than the cell.	20
7987748936	Turgor Pressure	The swelling of plant cells in a hypotonic solution.	21
7987764798	Contractile Vacuole	Specialized vacuoles in protists that pump out excess water.	22
7987776458	Plasmolysis	A shrinking of the cytoplasm in plant cells due to osmosis.	23
7987788548	Facilitated Transport	Passage of molecules across the membrane with the help of a carrier protein. Does not require energy.	24
7987825016	Active Transport	Molecules or ions move through the membrane, accumulating either inside or outside the membrane. Transport requiring energy.	25
7987852019	Sodium/Potassium Pump	Pumps three Na ions into the cell and 2 K ions out of the cell.	26
7987875364	Exocytosis	A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occur. Substances go out of the cell.	27
7987885367	Endocytosis	Cells take in substances by vesicle formation. Substances go into the cell.	28
7987893287	Phagocytosis	Cell eating.	29
7987899491	Pinocytosis	Cell drinking.	30
7987909347	Receptor-mediated endocytosis	Form of pinocytosis in which specific molecules such as a vitamin or peptide hormone bind to it.	31
7987940234	Adhesion Junctions	A type of anchoring junction where internal cytoplasmic plaques are joined by intercellular filaments.	32
7987965275	Desmosome	A single point of attachment between adjacent cells connects the cytoskeletons of adjacent cell. Most common type of junction between skin cells.	33
7994654687	Plasmodesmata	Numerous narrow membrane-lined channels that connect the cytoplasm of plant cells.	34
7994671817	Tight Junctions	Plasma membrane proteins attach to each other producing a zipperlike fastening.	35
7994784473	Gap Junction	Allows cells to communicate. Formed when two identical plasma membranes join.	36

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AP Biology Macromolecules and Enzymes vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary: macromolecule, polymer, monomer, condensation reaction (dehydration reaction), enzyme, hydrolysis, carbohydrate, monosaccharide, glycosidic linkage, polysaccharide, starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose, lipid, fatty acid, fats/oils, saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, ester bond, phospholipid, steroid, cholesterol, catalyst, polypeptide, protein, amino acid, peptide bond, hydrophobic interaction, disulfide bridge, denaturation, chaperonins, nucleic acids, nucleotides, phosphodiester bond, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, ATP, double helix, antiparallel, nitrogenous base
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Distinguish between inorganic and organic substances and give examples of each.
2. For each of the functional groups listed below, show the structural formula of the groups, give an example of a biologic organic molecule on which is can be found.
hydroxyl group
carbonyl group
carboxyl group
amino group
sulfhydryl group
phosphate group
3. List the 4 categories of organic macromolecules that make up all living things and the
main functions of each
4. Explain how organic macromolecules are polymers made up of monomer subunits.
5. Recognize the condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) process of making
organic macromolecules from monomers
6. Know the following bonds made as a result of dehydration synthesis and the
macromolecules that result:
2 amino acids -----peptide bond (proteins)
2 sugar molecules -----glycosidic bond (carbohydrates)
2 nucleotides ---------- phosphodiester bond (nucleic acid)
glycerol and fatty acid ------ ester bond
7. Describe the hydrolysis process of breaking down organic macromolecules to monomer subunits.
8. Relating to carbohydrates:
a.

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5137920240	macromolecule	There are Four major types of biological macromolecules that make up the human body: nucleic acids (DNA & RNA), Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats	0
5137920241	polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds	1
5137920242	monomer	the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer	2
5137920243	enzyme	a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most are proteins.	3
5137920244	dehydration reaction	a chemical reaction in which 2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule	4
5137920245	hydrolysis	a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between 2 molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers	5
5137920246	carbohydrates	a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharide) or polymers (polysaccharide)	6
5137920247	monosaccharide	the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, that are generally some multiple of CH2O	7
5137920248	disaccharide	a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction	8
5137920250	polysaccharide	Polymers of simple sugars covalently linked by glycosidic bonds	9
5137920251	starch	a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha glycosidic linkages	10
5137920252	glycogen	an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch	11
5137920253	cellulose	a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages	12
5137920254	chitin	a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthopods	13
5137920255	lipid	Hydrophobic. Considered monomers. Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. Provide an efficient form of energy storage.	14
5137920256	fat	a lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or a triglyceride.	15
5137920257	fatty acid	a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain; vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacyglycerol or a triglyceride	16
5137920259	saturated fatty acid	a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton	17
5137920260	unsaturated fatty acid	a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton	18
5137920261	trans fat	an unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds	19
5137920262	phospholipid	a lipid made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.; form bilayers that function as biological membranes	20
5137920263	steroids	a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings with various chemical groups attached	21
5137920264	cholesterol	a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones	22
5137920265	Polypeptide	A chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds or dehydration reactions	23
5137920266	protein	a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure	24
5137920267	amino acid	An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group; serve as monomers of polypeptides	25
5137920268	peptide bond	the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by dehydration reaction	26
5137920269	primary structure	the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids	27
5137920270	secondary structure	regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains).	28
5137920271	alpha helix	a coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between the atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains)	29
5137920272	beta pleated sheet	one of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain fold back and forth. 2 regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).	30
5137920273	tertiary structure	The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges	31
5137920274	hydrophobic interaction	a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water	32
5137920275	disulfide bridge	a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer	33
5137920276	quaternary structure	the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic 3D arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide	34
5137920277	denaturation	in proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming Biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration or temperature	35
5137920279	gene	a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)	36
5137920280	nucleic acid	a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. the 2 types of nucleic acid are DNA and RNA	37
5137920281	deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins	38
5137920282	ribonucleic acid (RNA)	a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses	39
5137920283	nucleotide	the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups	40
5137920286	deoxyribose	the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having 1 of fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of the RNA nucleotide	41
5137920287	ribose	the sugar component of RNA nucleotides	42
5137920289	What are 6 functions of Proteins?	Structural support Storage Transport Cellular Communications Movement Defense against substaces	43
5137920291	nitrogenous base	..., A carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen, Cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine in the DNA molecule (slightly different in RNA)	44
5137920292	Enzymes	Proteins that act as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions	45
5137920293	Collagen	A fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptide coiled like a rope	46
5137920294	Hydroxyl Group		47
5137920295	Carbonyl Group		48
5137920296	Carboxyl Group		49
5137920297	Amino Group		50
5137920298	Sulfhydryl Group	...	51
5137920299	Phosphate Group	...	52
5137920300	Monosaccharide	The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O.	53
5137920301	dissaccharide	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.	54
5137920302	Which monosaccharide is a major nutrient, central to cellular metobolism. It is broken down for energy in the process of cellular respiration. The carbon skeleton of this sugar can also be used to build many other organic molecules, including amino acids and fatty acids.	Glucose	55
5137920303	hydrocarbon	Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen	56
5137920304	functional groups	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.	57
5137920308	renaturation	a proteins chemical and physical aspects are restored when it is restored to its natural environment	58
5137920309	structural proteins	Proteins that are important for holding cells and organisms together, such as the proteins that make up the cell membrane, muscles, tendons, and blood. Ex. collagen & keratin	59
5137920310	storage proteins	storage of amino acids (ex: casein the protein in milk is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals; plants have storage proteins in their seeds; ovalbumin is the protein of egg whites uses as an amino acid source for the developing embryo	60
5137920311	transport proteins	Proteins that combine with other substances and acts as a mode of transport through the body (e.g. albumin, hemoglobin, transferrin, and vitamin d-binding protein). Also transports substances across the plasma membrane	61
5137920312	Defensive proteins	antibodies	62
5137920313	Receptor proteins	Enable a cell to sense its surroundings by binding to certain substances outside the cell. When this happens, it causes changes inside the cell.	63
5137920314	hormonal proteins	coordination of any organism's activities (ex: insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas causes other tissue to take up glucose resulting blood sugar concentration); signals between cells, signal proteins	64
5137920315	Contractile proteins	Actin and Myosin, generate the force during a contraction	65
5137920316	Peptide bonds	The bonds connecting amino acids together to form polypeptide chains.	66
5137920317	Globular proteins	overall spherical shape of the protein	67
5137920318	Fibrous proteins	Form extended sheets or strands or long fibers. Tough, durable, and generally insoluble in water. Usually play structural roles.	68
5137920319	Adenine	a double ring purine base found in DNA and RNA. Pairs with Thymine in DNA & Uracil in RNA	69
5137920320	thymine	A single-ring (pyrimidine) nitrogenous base found in DNA. Pairs with Adenine.	70
5137920321	Cytosine	A single-ring (pyrimidine) nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. Pairs with Guanine	71
5137920322	Guanine	A double-ring (Purine) nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. Pairs with Cytosine	72
5137920323	Uracil	The RNA version of thymine. Like thymine, this base also pairs with adenine.	73
5137920324	Monounsaturated fatty acid	A fatty acid whose molecular structure includes only one double carbon bond.	74
5137920325	Polyunsaturated fatty acid	A fatty acid with two or more double bonds between the carbon atoms of its hydrocarbon chain	75
5137920326	substrate	- the molecule upon which an enzyme acts	76
5137920327	Active site	Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits.	77
5137920328	Induced fit model	Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s)	78
5137920329	Cofactors	Non protein molecule that assist enzymes	79
5137920330	Coenzyme	a type of cofactor (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes	80
5137920331	inorganic cofactors	often metal ions, like Fe2+ and Mg2+	81
5137920332	ATP	(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work	82
5137920335	allosteric effector	a molecule that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site and affects its activity	83
5137920336	allosteric activator	binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's active form	84
5137920337	allosteric inhibitor	binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's inactive form	85
5137920338	Feedback inhibition	During ____ the end-product of a series of reactions acts as an allosteric inhibitor & shutting down one of the enzymes which was catalyzing the series	86
5137920339	Competitive inhibition	a substance that mimics the substrate, inhibits an enzyme by occupying the active site. This prevents the enzyme from catalyzing the substrate.	87
5137920340	noncompetitive inhibition	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location other than the active site, changing its conformation (shape) so that it no longer binds to the substrate. Ex: toxins & antibiotics	88
5137920341	Cooperativity	a shape change in one active sites of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other active sites, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those active sites.	89

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AP Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

all the vocab words and root words in chapter 1

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7239608850	archaea	one of two prokaryotic domains, the other being bacteria	0
7239608851	bacteria	one of two prokaryotic domains, the other being archaea	1
7239608852	bioinformatics	the use of comps, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological info from large data sets	2
7239608853	biology	the scientific study of life	3
7239608854	biosphere	the entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planter's ecosystems	4
7239608855	cell	the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life	5
7239608856	community	all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enuf together for potential interactions	6
7239608857	consumer	relies upon the feeding of other organisms for survival	7
7239608858	controlled experiment	an experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that caries only in the factor being tested	8
7239608859	data	recorded observations	9
7239608860	deductive reasoning	a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise	10
7239608861	DNA	a double-streanded, helical nuvleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers w a deoxrubose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A, C, G, T capable of replicating and determining the ingerited structure of a cell's proteins	11
7239608862	discovery science	the process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature	12
7239608863	domain	a taxonomic caregory above the kingdom level	13
7239608864	eukarya	the domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms	14
7239608865	ecosystems	all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they intereact; one or more communities and the phusical environment around them.	15
7239608866	emergent properties	new properties that arise w each step upward in the heratchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexitly of life increases	16
7239608867	eukaryotic cell	a type of cell w a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.	17
7239608868	gene	a discrete unit of hereditary info consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA	18
7239608869	genome	the genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or citus's genes along with its nincoding nucleic acid sequence	19
7239608870	hypothesis	a tentative answer to a well framed question, narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing	20
7239608871	inductive reasoning	a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific obserations	21
7239608872	inquiry	the search for info and explanation, often focused by specific questions	22
7239608873	animalia	the kingdom that consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest their food	23
7239608874	Fungi	eukaryotic kingdom that includes organisms that absorb nutrients after decomposing organic material	24
7239608875	Plantae	the kingdom that consists of multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis	25
7239608876	model	a rep of a theory or proces	26
7239608877	molecule	two or more atoms eld together by covalent bonds	27
7239608878	negative feedback	a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a phusiological variable truggers a response that counteracts the initial change	28
7239608879	organ	a specialized center of body function composed of several diff types of tissues	29
7239608880	organ system	a group of organs that work together in performing viral body functions	30
7239608881	organelle	any of several membreans enclosed structires w specialized functions, suspended in the cytosaol of eukaryotic cells	31
7239608882	population	a lockalized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring	32
7239608883	positive feedback	a physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable truggers mechanisms that amplify the change	33
7239608884	prokaryotic cell	a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles	34
7239608885	reductionism	the whole is greater than the sum of its parts	35
7239608886	systems biology	an approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems	36
7239608887	technology	the application of scientific knowlede for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research	37
7239608888	theory	an explanation that is broad on schope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence	38
7239608889	tissue	an integrated goup of cells w a common function, structure or both	39

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AP Biology Chapters 2-3 Flashcards

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7263754977	Matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass	0
7263758149	Element	A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions	1
7263762163	Compound	A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio	2
7263766356	Essential Elements	Elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce.	3
7263773394	Trace Elements	Elements required by an organism in only minute quantities	4
7263777677	Atom	the smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of an element	5
7263818153	Neutron	electrically neutral particle in the nucleus	6
7277637720	Proton	positively charged particle in the nucleus	7
7277645589	Electron	negatively charged particle surrounding the nucleus	8
7277647211	Atomic Nucleus	protons and neutrons are packed together tightly in a dense core in the center of the atom	9
7277649959	Dalton	the measurement for subatomic particles which is equivalent to one atomic mass unit	10
7277655460	Atomic Number	number of protons unique to a specific element	11
7277657800	Mass Number	the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of the atom	12
7277662908	Atomic Mass	approximation of the total mass of an atom (average of isotopes)	13
7277671240	Isotopes	atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons and therefore have different masses	14
7277675282	Radioactive Isotopes	when the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy	15
7277679403	Energy	the capacity to cause change	16
7277682559	Potential Energy	the energy that matter posses because of its location or structure	17
7277685400	Electron Shell	where electrons are found which each have a distinct average distance	18
7277695261	Chemical bonds	the interactions between atoms that keeps them close together which is a result from the sharing or transfer of valence electrons	19
7277708087	Covalent Bonds	sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms	20
7277709332	Molecule	two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds	21
7277724171	Single Bond	the line in a structural formula that represents a pair of shared electrons	22
7277733936	Double Bonds	a molecule that share two pairs of valence electrons	23
7277738748	Valence	the bonding capacity of an atom which equals the number of unpaired electrons needed to complete the outermost shell	24
7277756432	Electronegativity	the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond	25
7277761575	Non-polar Covalent Bond	when electrons are shared equally between two atoms since they have the same electronegativity	26
7277772392	Polar Covalent Bond	the electrons of a bond are not equally shared	27
7277779357	Ion	a charged atom or molecule	28
7277781757	Cation	a positively charged ion	29
7277783267	Anion	a negatively charged ion	30
7277785283	Ionic Bond	the attraction of opposite charges between anions and cations which results in the transfer of an electron	31
7277788944	Ionic Compound (Salt)	compounds formes by ionic bonds	32
7277792309	Hydrogen Bonds	the non-covalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom (like fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen)	33
7277799813	Van Der Waals INteractions	Molecules with non-polar covalent bonds have slightly positive and negative regions which results in individually weak attractions between other non-polar molecules or atoms	34
7277810772	Reactants	the starting material in a chemical reaction	35
7277812859	Products	the resulting substances of a chemical reaction	36
7277816354	Chemical Equilibrium	the reactants and products have reached a fixed ratio (the forward and reverse reactions are still occurring but no net movement occurs)	37
7277850168	Polar Molecule	the overall charge of a molecule is unevenly distributed (ex. water)	38
7277852748	Cohesion	the multiple hydrogen bonds in water hold the substance together and help water pull itself upward	39
7277866300	Adhesion	the clinging of one substance to another (water adheres to the cell wall of plants to move up a tree)	40
7277873388	Surface Tension	a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	41
7277876106	Kinetic Energy	the energy of motion	42
7277877801	Heat	a form of energy that is a measure of the matter's total kinetic energy due to motion (depends on volume)	43
7277896289	Temperature	a measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules, regardless of volume	44
7277908325	Celsius Scale	an indication for temperature in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 (human body at around 37)	45
7277914076	Calorie (cal)	the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g pf water by 1 degree Celsius	46
7277937823	Kilocalorie (kcal)	the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree Celsius	47
7277943146	Joule (J)	a unit of energy	48
7277945234	Specific Heat	the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius	49
7277958042	Heat of Vaporization	the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to gaseous state	50
7277963566	Evaporative Cooling	when a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid left behind cools down (the molecules with the highest amount of kinetic energy are converted to gas and the rest are left behind)	51
7277974968	Solution	a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	52
7277991810	Solvent	the dissolving agent of a solution	53
7277994207	Solute	the substance that is dissolved	54
7277998013	Aqueous Solution	a solution in which water is the solvent	55
7278001058	Hydration Shell	the sphere of water molecules that surrounds each dissolved ion	56
7278010115	Hydrophilic	any substance that has an affinity to for water	57
7278011564	Colloid	a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid (ex. large molecules in cells can't dissolve but are instead suspended in the aqueous liquid of the cell)	58
7278019940	Hydrophobic	substances that do not have an affinity to water. (substances that are non-ionic and non-polar seem to repel water)	59
7278034654	Molecular Mass	the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule	60
7278037868	Mole (mol)	a certain number of molecules of a substance- 6.02x10^23 molecules	61
7278061920	Molarity	the number of moles of solute per liter of solution- the unit of concentration	62
7278066612	Hydrogen Ion (H+)	a single proton with a charge of 1+ (occurs when a hydrogen atom loses an electron)	63
7278074933	Hydroxide Ion (OH-)	a water molecule loses a proton and has a charge of 1-	64
7278084548	Hydronium Ion (H3O+)	the proton (hydrogen ion) binds with other water molecules	65
7278100332	Acid	a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, possibly by donating H+	66
7278107021	Base	a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, possibly by accepting the H+	67
7278115090	pH	the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration pH=-log[H+]	68
7278120975	Buffer	a substance that minimizes changed in concentrations of H+and OH- in a solution which they accomplish by accepting or donating H+ to the solution	69
7278130569	Ocean Acidification	when CO2 dissolves in seawater and reacts to form carbonic acid which lowers the pH of the ocean	70
7278136813	Acid Precipitation	rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower (more acidic) than 5.2 (uncontaminated rain has pH of 5.6)	71

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MHS AP Biology - Cell Organelle Flashcards Flashcards

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4877806453	nucleus system	The central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth.	0
4877806454	nuclear envelope/membrane with pores	(nucleus) The double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.	1
4877806455	chromosomes	(nucleus) Thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Passed form parents to offspring.	2
4877806456	chromatin	(nucleus) A complex of DNA and protein that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.	3
4877806457	nucleolus	(nucleus) The nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells.	4
4877806458	endomembrane system	Includes the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes, and the cell membrane.	5
4877806459	vesicles	(endomembrane) A small structure consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane.	6
4877806460	rough endoplasmic reticulum	(endomembrane) A network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a surface studded with ribosomes.	7
4877806461	smooth endoplasmic reticulum	(endomembrane) A network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a smooth surface.	8
4877806462	golgi apparatus	(endomembrane) A complex of vesicles and folded membranes involved in secretion and intracellular transport.	9
4877806463	lysosomes	(endomembrane) Organelle containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.	10
4877806464	food vacuole	(endomembrane) A vacuole with a digestive function in the protoplasm of protozoan.	11
4877806465	contractile vacuole	(endomembrane) A vacuole in some protozoans that expels excess liquid on contraction.	12
4877806466	central vacuole	(endomembrane) Organelle found in plant cells, surrounded by a membrane, that holds materials and waste.	13
4877806467	cell membrane/plasma membrane	(endomembrane) The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.	14
4877806468	cytoskeleton system	Structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization.	15
4877806469	microtubules	(cytoskeleton) A microscopic tubular structure acting as conveyer belts inside the cell.	16
4877806470	microfilaments	(cytoskeleton) The thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton, that when linked together can provide stiffness and shape to a membrane.	17
4877806472	centrosomes	(specialized microtubules) (cytoskeleton) Form the network of microtubules that participate in making the cytoskeleton.	18
4877806473	centrioles	(specialized microtubules) (cytoskeleton) Help with cell division of animal cells. Help form spindle fibers.	19
4877806474	cilia	(specialized microtubules) (cytoskeleton) Move a cell, or form a barricade in the lungs of humans to stop harmful particles from entering.	20
4877806475	flagella	(specialized microtubules) (cytoskeleton) Function as locomotion or sensory organelle.	21
4877806476	ribosomes	Responsible for the production of proteins.	22
4877806477	mitochondria	An organelle that performs cellular respiration. The "power house" of the cell.	23
4877806478	chloroplast	Organelles that work to convert light energy into sugars.	24
4877806479	peroxisomes	Organelle that detoxifies alcohol, breaks down fatty acids, is bound by a single membrane, found in kidney and liver cells	25
4877806480	cell wall	A rigid layer of polysaccharides outside the plasma membrane of plant, fungi, and bacteria cells.	26
4877806481	lipid bilayer	double phospholipid membrane with the polar hydrophilic heads forming the outer faces and the nonpolar hydrophobic tails pointing toward the inside of the membrane	27
4877806482	extracellular matrix	provides mechanical support and helps bind adjacent cells together	28
4877806487	Plants Only	Central vacuoles Chloroplasts Cell wall of cellulose Plasmodesmata	29
4877806488	Animals Only	Lysosomes Centrioles Flagella, cillia Desmosomes, tight, and gap junctions Extracellular matrix (ECM)	30

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Chapter 4 - AP Biology Flashcards

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7406177234	Organic Chemistry	The study of carbon compounds	0
7406177235	Hydrocarbons	An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.	1
7406177236	Isomer	One of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties.	2
7406177237	Structural Isomer	Compounds with the same molecular formula but different covalent arrangement of atoms.	3
7406177238	Geometric (cis-trans) Isomer	Isomers with the same covalent partnerships but different spatial arrangements of atoms around a carbon=carbon double bond.	4
7406177239	Enantiomer	Molecules that are mirror images of each other.	5
7406177240	Functional Groups	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.	6
7406177241	Hydroxyl Group	A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.	7
7406177242	Amino Group	A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1⁺	8
7406177243	Carboxyl Group	A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group	9
7406177244	Phosphate Group	A chemical group consisting of a phosphate atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer.	10
7406177245	Sulfhydryl Group	A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.	11
7406177246	Alcohol	Organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups	12
7406177247	Carbonyl Group	A functional group present in aldehydes and ketones consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom.	13
7406177248	Aldehyde	An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon chain.	14
7406177249	Ketone	An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located in the middle of the carbon chain.	15
7406177250	Carboxylic Acid	An organic compound containing a carboxyl group.	16
7406177251	Amine	An organic compound containing an amino group.	17
7406177252	Thiol	An organic compound containing a sulfhydryl group.	18
7406177253	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)	An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive reactions in cells.	19

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AP Biology Cell Membrane and movement Flashcards

Cell membrane structure and functions

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7429497511	Selective Permeability	Allows some substances to cross more easily than others	0
7429497512	Amphipathic	molecule that has both a hydrophillic region and a hydrophobic region such as a phosopholipid	1
7429497513	phospholipid bilayer	a double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma membranes	2
7429497514	Integral Proteins	Proteins that extend through the phospholipid bilayer.	3
7429497515	Peripheral Proteins	A protein loosely attached to the surface of a membrane	4
7429497516	Glycoproteins	proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them	5
7429497517	cholesterol	steroid present in the plasma membranes of animal cells. A large amount of this in a phospholipid bilayer at High Temperatures reduces membrane fluidity, but at Lower Temperature prevents the membrane from solidifying.	6
7429497518	Concentration Gradient	a difference in the concentration of a substance across a space	7
7429497519	Diffusion	the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, so that they spread out evenly reaching equilibrium	8
7429497520	Osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	9
7429497521	Transport Proteins	proteins that help to transport substances across cell membranes	10
7429497522	Aquaporins	Channel proteins that help massive amount of water pass through the membrane; a lot in our kidneys	11
7429497523	Passive Transport	movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy	12
7429497524	Isotonic	a solution whose solute concentration equals that inside a cell; the cell will not change	13
7429497525	Hypertonic	the solution with the greater concentration of solutes than that inside the cell; the cell will lose water to its environment--> Cell will shrivel up	14
7429497526	Hypotonic	the solution with the lower concentration of solutes than that inside the cell; water will enter the cell -> Cell will swell and burst	15
7429497527	Osmoregulation	The control of water balance	16
7429497528	Turgid	Very firm (healthy state), especially for plant cells	17
7429497529	Plasmolysis	As a plant cell shrivels its plasma membrane pulls away from the wall	18
7429497530	Facilitated Diffusion	passive transport of ions or polar molecules across a plasma membrane by transport proteins	19
7429497531	Active Transport	transport of a substance through a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires energy	20
7429497532	Sodium-Potassium Pump	a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell	21
7429497533	Exocytosis	process by which a cell releases large amounts of material by vesicles	22
7429497534	Endocytosis	the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle	23
7429497535	Phagocytosis	a type of endocytosis in which microbes are taken in by immune cells of animals (mainly by macrophages)	24
7429497536	Pinocytosis	cellular drinking	25
7429497537	Receptor-mediated endocytosis	Taking in large amount of specific substances by binding to receptors, which form vesicles and are then taken in by the cell	26
7429497538	osmotic pressure	The force required to resist the movement of water by osmosis. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the concentration of a solution. A solution that is highly concentrated has a strong tendency to draw water into itself, so the pressure required to resist that movement would be high. Thus, highly concentrated solutions are said to have high osmotic pressures.	27

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AP Biology (Campbell) Chapter 6 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

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5818415952	organelles	membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell	0
5818415953	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	1
5818415954	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	2
5818415955	prokaryotic cell	Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles	3
5818415956	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	4
5818415957	cytoplasm	the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles	5
5818415958	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell	6
5818415959	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	7
5818415960	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	8
5818415961	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	9
5818415962	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	10
5818415963	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	11
5818415964	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	12
5818415965	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	13
5818415966	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope	14
5818415967	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	15
5818415968	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	16
5818415969	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	17
5818415970	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	18
5818415971	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials	19
5818415972	phagocytosis	the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle	20
5818415973	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	21
5818415974	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	22
5818415975	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	23
5818415976	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	24
5818415977	plastids	manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches	25
5818415978	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	26
5818415979	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	27
5818415980	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	28
5818415981	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	29
5818415982	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	30
5818415983	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	31
5818415984	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	32
5818415985	pseudopodia	cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface	33
5818415986	cytoplasmic streaming	the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells	34
5818415987	intermediate filaments	diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments	35
5818415988	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	36
5818415989	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	37
5818415990	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	38
5818415991	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	39
5818415992	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	40
5818415993	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	41
5818415994	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	42