AP biology Chapter 7 Flashcards
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| 9137874204 | plasma membrane | seperates the living cell from its surroundings. Contros traffic in and out of the cell. Is selectively permeable. |  | 0 |
| 9137874205 | selectively permeable | allows some substances to cross more easily than others. | 1 | |
| 9137874206 | phospholipids | most abundant lipids |  | 2 |
| 9137874207 | lipids and proteins | main macromolecules in membranes |  | 3 |
| 9137874208 | amphipatic molecules | have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |  | 4 |
| 9137874209 | fluid mosaic model | The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described by the... |  | 5 |
| 9137874210 | freeze-fracture | preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer |  | 6 |
| 9137874211 | transmembrane proteins | the integral protein completely spans the membrane as... |  | 7 |
| 9137874212 | integral proteins | proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer |  | 8 |
| 9137874213 | peripheral proteins | proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer |  | 9 |
| 9137874214 | cell-cell recognition | the ability of a cell to disitnguish one type of neighboring cell from another. |  | 10 |
| 9137874216 | transport proteins | proteins that span the membrane. |  | 11 |
| 9137874217 | channel proteins | transport proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel though the membrane. |  | 12 |
| 9137874218 | aquaporins | channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water |  | 13 |
| 9137874219 | carrier proteins | transport proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane. |  | 14 |
| 9137874220 | diffusion | movement of molecules of any substance to spread out in available space |  | 15 |
| 9137874221 | concentration gradient | the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |  | 16 |
| 9137874222 | passive transport | transport that requires no energy from the cell to make it happen |  | 17 |
| 9137874223 | osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |  | 18 |
| 9137874224 | tonicity | the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water. |  | 19 |
| 9137874225 | isotonic (animal cell) | if a cell with no cell wall is immersed in an enviroment where there is no net movement of water across the plasma membrane. Stays the same. |  | 20 |
| 9137874226 | hypertonic (animal cell) | when the cell is immersed in a solution where it loses water to its environment, shrivels and probably dies. |  | 21 |
| 9137874227 | hypotonic (animal cell) | when a cell is immersed in a solution, water enters the cell faster than it leaves, it swells and lyses (explodes) like an overfilled water balloon. |  | 22 |
| 9137874228 | osmoregulation | the control of water balance |  | 23 |
| 9137874229 | Paramecium | is a protist that is hypertonic to the pond water in which it lives. |  | 24 |
| 9137874230 | turgid | when the plant cell is very firm, which is a healthy state for most plant cells. |  | 25 |
| 9137874231 | hypotonic (plant cell) | when a plant cell is immersed in a __________ solution the cell contents swell due to osmosis until the elastic cell wall exerts turgor pressure on the cell that opposes further water outake. |  | 26 |
| 9137874232 | isotonic (plant cell) | when a plant cell is immersed in a _______ solution; there is no net movement. The cell becomes flaccid and the plant may wilt. |  | 27 |
| 9137874233 | flaccid | limp, not firm or strong (If a plant is not watered enough, its leaves become droopy and flaccid.) | | 28 |
| 9137874234 | hypertonic (plant cells) | the plant cell loses water, its volume shrinks. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall, this is plasmolysis. It is lethal to the cell. |  | 29 |
| 9137874235 | plasmolysis | This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall. |  | 30 |
| 9137874236 | facilitated diffusion | the passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins. |  | 31 |
| 9137874237 | ion channels (gated channels) | Channels that open or close depending on the presence or abscence of an electrical, chemical, or physical stimulus. |  | 32 |
| 9137874238 | cystinuria | human disease characterized by the absence of a carrier protein that transports cysteine and other amino acids across the membranes of kidney cells. | 33 | |
| 9137874239 | active transport | transport that requires the cell to expend metabolic energy and enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules. Requires energy. |  | 34 |
| 9137874240 | ATP | supplies energy for most active transport |  | 35 |
| 9137874241 | sodium-potassium pump | transport protein that, translocating the bound solute across the membrane. Exchanges sodium ions (Na) for potassium ions (K) across the plasma membrane of animal cells. |  | 36 |
| 9137874242 | membrane potential | voltage across a membrane. Ranges form -50 to -200 millivolts. The inside of the cell is negative to the outside. | 37 | |
| 9137874243 | electrochemical gradient | 2 combined forces drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane. |  | 38 |
| 9137874244 | electrogenic pumps | special transport proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane. Ex. sodium potassium pump and proton pumps. |  | 39 |
| 9137874245 | sodium-potassium pump | major electrogenic pump in animals. Restores the electrochemical gradient by setting up a concentration gradient. It pumps 2 K ions for every 3 Na ions that it moves out, it generates a voltage. |  | 40 |
| 9137874246 | proton pumps | the major electrogenic pump. Transports protons out of the cell and transfers positive charge form the cytoplasm to the extracellular solution. | | 41 |
| 9137874247 | cotransport | single ATP-powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes in a mechanism. |  | 42 |
| 9137874248 | exocytosis | transport vesicle budded from the Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the 2 membranes come in contact, the bilayers fuse spill the contents. |  | 43 |
| 9137874249 | endocytosis | a cell brings in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane. 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis. |  | 44 |
| 9137874250 | phagocytosis | a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle. |  | 45 |
| 9137874251 | pinocytosis | molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles. |  | 46 |
| 9137874252 | receptor-mediated endocytosis | endocytosis that enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific materials that may be in low concentrations in the environment. |  | 47 |
| 9137874253 | lipoproteins | complexes of proteins and lipids. Cholesterol travels in low density _______ |  | 48 |
| 9137874254 | ligands | A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. |  | 49 |
| 9137874255 | dialysis | movement of particles in a solution through permeable membranes. The diffusion of small solutes through a selectively permeable membrane. |  | 50 |
AP Biology Unit 4.3 - DNA Replication Flashcards
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| 9291684386 | DNA Replication | The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself. |  | 0 |
| 9291684387 | Helicase | An enzyme that unwinds the double helix of DNA and separates the DNA strands in preparation for DNA replication. |  | 1 |
| 9291684388 | DNA Polymerase | Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual complementary nucleotides to produce a duplicated DNA molecule. |  | 2 |
| 9291684389 | Semi-Conservative Replication | In each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new. |  | 3 |
| 9291722122 | 5' | End of a new DNA strand that is formed first during replication. | 4 | |
| 9291722123 | 3' | In transcription, nucleotides are always added to the _____end of the elongating strand. | 5 | |
| 9291738933 | Replication Bubble | Region of DNA, in front of the replication fork, where helicase has unwound the double helix |  | 6 |
| 9291753249 | DNA Primase | Synthesizes a short RNA primer to allow DNA Polymerase to begin during replication |  | 7 |
| 9291759606 | DNA Ligase | Enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments | | 8 |
| 9291763188 | Leading Strand | The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously during replication | 9 | |
| 9291765914 | Lagging Strand | In DNA replication, the daughter strand that is synthesized in discontinuous stretches called Okazaki fragments |  | 10 |
| 9291775658 | Okazaki Fragments | Relatively short fragment of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication. | | 11 |
| 9291778295 | Mismatch Repair | Enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors | 12 | |
| 9291782089 | Nucleotide Excision Repair | A nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA; can be used to fix mutations |  | 13 |
AP Biology : Chapter 45 : The Endocrine System Flashcards
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| 9602045650 | Hormone | Type of molecule that is secreted into extracellular fluid, circulates the blood/hemolymph, and communicates regulatory messages throughout the body | 0 | |
| 9602045651 | Peptide v steroid | compound of amino acids -water soluble; can't pass through plasma membrane 1. secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in bloodstream 2. bind to cell surface receptors that give info to nucleus through intracellular pathways versus lipids with 4 rings of carbon atoms, derived from the steroid cholesterol -lipid soluble; pass through membrane -receptors for lipid soluble hormones are usually in nucleus/cytoplasm 1. diffuse across membranes 2. bind to transport proteins outside the cell, travel through bloodstream 3. diffuse into target cells and bind to receptors | 1 | |
| 9602045652 | Blood glucose feedback loop | Involves Insulin (triggers uptake of glucose from blood into body cells) and glucagon (release glucose into blood from energy stores) -Both are produced in pancreas -If blood glucose increases: 1) beta cells in pancreas release insulin in blood 2) liver takes glucose and stores as glycogen 3) glucose level declines -If decreases: 1) alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into blood 2) liver breaks down glycogen and release glucose into blood 3) glucose level increases |  | 2 |
| 9602045653 | Hypothalamus | Receives info from nerves throughout the body and in response, initiates endocrine signaling appropriate to env'tal conditions -hormones released from posterior pituitary and hormones regulate anterior pituitary | 3 | |
| 9602045654 | Blood calcium feedback loop | Falling blood Ca2+ level -Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) -Increased Ca2+ uptake in kidneys -Increased Ca2+ uptake in intestines -Stimulates Ca2+ release from bones Rising blood Ca2+ level -Thyroid gland releases calcitonin -Stimulates Ca2+ deposition in bones -Reduces Ca2+ uptake in intestines -Reduces Ca2+ uptake in kidneys | 4 | |
| 9602045655 | Ecdysteroid | A steroid hormone that triggers the growth of adult cells/death of larval cells in insects | 5 | |
| 9602045656 | Endocrine system | A group of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning -Hormones secreted can regulate reproduction, energy, development, growth, metabolism, and behavior |  | 6 |
| 9602045657 | Endocrine signaling | Secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body -maintains homeostasis -responses to env't -regulates growth/development -physical/behavioral changes | 7 | |
| 9602045658 | Local regulators | Molecules that act over short distances. Reach target cells only by diffusion (messengers) | 8 | |
| 9602045659 | Paracrine signaling | Target cells are near the secreting cell | 9 | |
| 9602045660 | Autocrine signaling | The target cell is the secreting cell (molecules diffuse locally and trigger responses in the secreting cell) | 10 | |
| 9602045661 | Synaptic signalling | Neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in the cells of target tissues (neurons, muscles, glands) | 11 | |
| 9602045662 | Neuroendocrine signaling | Neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body | 12 | |
| 9602045663 | Neurotransmitters | Molecules secreted by neurons at synapses -Diffuse short distances to bind to receptors on target cell -sensation, memory, cognition, movement | 13 | |
| 9602045664 | Neurohormones | Chemicals released by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets | 14 | |
| 9602045665 | Pheromones | Chemicals released into external env't -attraction, warning (predators), forming territories | 15 | |
| 9602045666 | Signal transduction | Series of changes in cellular proteins that converts the extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response | 16 | |
| 9602045667 | Epinephrine | Adrenaline -Binds to a G protein coupled receptor (once it reaches the liver) in the plasma membrane of target cells -Binding triggers synthesis of cAMP as a second messenger -Protein kinase A activated by cAMP -enzyme becomes activated for glycogen sysnthesis -liver releases glucose in bloodstream | 17 | |
| 9602045668 | Growth factors | Stimulate the growth and division of cells | 18 | |
| 9602045669 | Nitric oxide | Functions as both a neurotransmitter and local regulator | 19 | |
| 9602045670 | Negative/positive feedback loops | The response decreases/reinforces a stimulus | 20 | |
| 9602045671 | Growth hormone GH | Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland -stimulates growth through tropic and nontropic effects -liver responds by releasing insulin like growth factors, which circulate blood and stimulate bone/cartilage growth -skeleton of immature animal stops growing when it isn't there -raises blood glucose levels (opposing insulin) | 21 | |
| 9602045672 | Norepinephrine | A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation | 22 | |
| 9602045674 | Thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH | Hormone released by hypothalamus to activate TSH | 23 | |
| 9602045675 | Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH | Causes thyroid gland cells to secrete T3 and T4; stimulates thyroid growth | 24 | |
| 9602045676 | Difference between endocrine and exocrine systems | Endocrine: glands secrete hormones directly into the surrounding fluid (within) Exocrine: glands have ducts that carry secreted substances onto body surfaces/cavities (out of) | 25 | |
| 9602045677 | Difference between tropic and nontropic hormone | Tropic: regulate the function of other endocrine cells/glands -TSH -ACTH -FSH -LH Nontropic: targets tissues that are not part of the endocrine system | 26 | |
| 9602045678 | Difference between afferent and efferent | Afferent: towards something (nerves=central nervous system, blood=heart) Efferent: conducting away from something | 27 | |
| 9602045679 | Posterior pituitary gland | Releases neurohormones made in hypothalamus (extension of hypothalamus) -Hormones: ADH (promotes retention of water by kidneys) and Oxytocin (contraction of uterus/mammary gland cells) -Peptide | 28 | |
| 9602045680 | Anterior pituitary gland | Synthesizes and secretes hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus -Hormones: GH (stimulates bone growth/metabolic functions) -TSH (stimulates thyroid gland) -Prolactin (milk production and secretion) | 29 | |
| 9602045681 | Thyroid gland | Regulates metabolism -T3 and T4 (stimulate and maintain metabolic processes) -Calcitonin (lowers blood calcium) As thyroid hormones accumulate, it increases metabolic rate, releasing thermal energy and increasing body temp | 30 | |
| 9602045682 | Parathyroid glands | Control calcium and phosphorus metabolism; produce parathyroid hormone. -PTH raises blood calcium levels | 31 | |
| 9602045683 | Pancreas | Regulates the level of sugar in the blood -Insulin (lowers blood glucose)- beta cells -Glucagon (increases blood glucose)- alpha -Exocrine gland that produces digestive enzymes | 32 | |
| 9602045684 | Adrenal glands | Adrenal medulla -Epinephrine, norepinephrine (increase blood glucose and metabolic activities, constrict blood vessels) Adrenal cortex -Glucocorticoids (raise blood glucose), mineralocorticoids (promote reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium in kidneys) | 33 | |
| 9602045685 | Gonads | Testes Ovaries | 34 | |
| 9602045686 | Pineal gland | Secretes melatonin, involved in biological rhythms -Affected by light and dark cycles | 35 |
AP Biology Chapter 43 Flashcards
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| 8776813914 | Immune System | The totality of the body's physical barriers, immune cells, molecules, and physiological responses that enable you to block, fight, and destroy pathogens | 0 | |
| 8776813915 | Innate Immunity | All animals A defense that is active immediately upon infection and is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered before Nonspecific (less advanced, generic) Outer covering (skin/shell, chemical secretions, internal surfaces) Small preset group of receptor proteins bind to molecules/structures that are absent from animal bodies but common to viruses, bacteria, or other microbes Rapid Response | 1 | |
| 8776813916 | Innate Immunity - Internal Defenses | Phagocytic cells, Natural Killer cells, Antimicrobial Proteins, Inflammatory Reponse, Complement Protein Cascade Can have B and T cells | 2 | |
| 8776813917 | Adaptive Immunity | Vertebrates Only A defense that produces a a vast arsenal of receptors, each of which recognizes a feature typically found only on a particular part of a particular molecule in a particular pathogen Specific Slow development, slow response | 3 | |
| 8776813918 | Adaptive Immunity - Internal Defenses | Antibodies Cytotoxic cells (B and T Cells) | 4 | |
| 8776813919 | Innate immunity of Invertebrates | Exoskeleton - First line Lysozyme - Breaks down bacterial cell walls Hemocytes - Phagocytosis or production of chemicals Antimicrobial Peptide secretion (disrupt plasma membranes) | 5 | |
| 8776813920 | Lysozyme | An enzyme that breaks down cell walls to protect insect digestive systems | 6 | |
| 8776813921 | Phagocytosis | The cellular ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other foreign susbtances | 7 | |
| 8776813922 | Innate Immunity of Certebrates | Coexist with adaptive immunity Barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides (found in both vertebrates and invertebrates) Unique aspects to vertebrates (natural killer cells, interferons, inflammatory response) | 8 | |
| 8776813923 | Barrier Defenses | Block entry of many pathogens Skin Mucous membrane Mucous Ciliated cells Saliva, tears, mucous (inhibits colonization, hostile lysozymes) pH from stomach Oil and sweat (pH 3-5) prevent growth | 9 | |
| 8776813924 | Cellular Innate Defenses | ... | 10 | |
| 8776813925 | Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) | A mammalian receptor that binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens After detection, a phagocytic cell engulfs them (traps in a vacuole) Lysosome fuses and degrades components) | 11 | |
| 8776813926 | Neutrophils | One main type of phagocytic cell in the mammalian body Attracted by signals from infected tissues Engulf and destroy infecting pathogens | 12 | |
| 8776813927 | Macrophages | Second main type of phagocytic cell in the mammalian body Larger than neutrophils Migratory or localized | 13 | |
| 8776813928 | Dendritic Cells | Populate tissues (ex. skin) that ocntact the environment) Stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogens they encounter and engulf | 14 | |
| 8776813929 | Eosinophils | Found beneath mucosal surface Low phagocytic activity Important in defending against multicellular invaders (parasitic worms) Discharge destructive enzymes | 15 | |
| 8776813930 | Natural Killer Cells | Unique to vertebrates Circulate body to detect abnormal array of surface proteins (virus-infected or cancerous cells) | 16 | |
| 8776813931 | Interferons | Antimicrobial proteins that provide innate defenses by interfering with viral infection Infected cells secrete interferons, which induce nearby uninfected cells to produce substances and inhibit viral reproduction Some white blood cells secrete interferons to activate macrophages | 17 | |
| 8776813932 | Complement System (Protein Cascade) | 30 proteins that circulate blood plasma Inactive until activated by substances on the surface of many microbes Activation results in a cascade of biochemical reactions, lysis of invading cells Inflammation | 18 | |
| 8776813933 | Inflammatory Response | Changes brought about by signaling molecules released upon injury or infection that causes swelling (increased blood flow) | 19 | |
| 8776813934 | Histamine | Inflammatory signaling molecule Released at sites of damage, dilates blood vessels, permeates blood vessels | 20 | |
| 8776813935 | Mast Cells | Found in connective tissue Stores histamine in granules (vesicles) | 21 | |
| 8776813936 | Cytokines | Signaling molecules that enhance immune response by promoting blood flow to the site of infection/injury Produced by macrophages and neutrophils | 22 | |
| 8776813937 | Inflammation | Cycles of signaling and response Activated complement proteins promote histamine release, attracting more phagocytic cells to enter infected tissues Enhanced blood flow delivers more antimicrobial peptides Pus accumulates (rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, cell debris) Fever, meningitis, appendicitis, septic shock | 23 | |
| 8776813938 | Evasion of Innate Immunity by pathogens | Outer capsule interferes with molecular recognition Resist breakdown by lysosomes Hides from innate defenses | 24 | |
| 8776813939 | Lymphocytes | White blood cells T and B cells | 25 | |
| 8776813940 | Thymus | An organ in the thoracic cavity above the heart Lymphocytes mature into T Cells | 26 | |
| 8776813941 | B Cells | Lymphocytes that mature from bone marrow | 27 | |
| 8776813942 | 3rd Lymphocyte type | Natural Killer Remain in blood | 28 | |
| 8776813943 | Antigen | Any substance that elicits a response from a B Cell or T Cell | 29 | |
| 8776813944 | Antigen Receptor | A protein that binds to an antigen | 30 | |
| 8776813945 | Epitote | An antigenic determinant The small, accessible portion of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor Determines T/B cell specificity | 31 | |
| 8776813946 | B-Cell Antigen Receptor | Each B cell antigen is Y-Shaped (four polypeptide chains - two identical heavy chains, two identical light chains, with disulfide bridges) Transmembrane region near one end of a heavy chain anchors the receptor in the cell's plasma membrane) Short tail region at the end of the heavy chain extends into cytoplasma Variable regions bind to antigens (constant regions make up the rest) Bind to intact epitotes of intact antigens circulating in body fluids |  | 32 |
| 8776813947 | Variable Regions | Amino Acid sequence varies extensively from one B cell to another Specific binding | 33 | |
| 8776813948 | Antibody/Immunoglobulin (Ig) | A protein secreted when an antigen receptor binds to an antigen Y-Shaped organization May bind to antigens on surface of pathogens or free in body fluids | 34 | |
| 8776813949 | T Cell Antigen Receptor | Two different polypeptide chains (Alpha and Beta chain) linked by a disulfide bridge Transmembrane region anchors the receptor to plasma membrane Outer tip - Variable region Only bind to fragments of antigens displayed on the surface of host cells | 35 | |
| 8776813950 | MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Molecule | A host protein that displays the antigen gragment on the cell surface | 36 | |
| 8776813951 | Antigen Presentation | The display of the antigen fragment in an exposed groove of the MHC protein Pathogen or part of a pathogen is taken in by a host cell Enzymes cleave the antigen into smaller peptides (antigen fragments) MHC binds to fragments MHC moves to surface and presents antigen | 37 | |
| 8776813952 | B Cell and T Cell development | Diversit, self tolerance (lack of reactivity to self), cell proliferation, stronger secondary response | 38 | |
| 8776813953 | Generation of B and T Cell Diversity | Each person makes more than 1 mil diff. B Cell antigen receptors and 10 mil. different T Cell antigen receptors Recombinase enzyme linkas a light chain V gene seg. to one J (joining) seg. to form a single exon Rnadomly links any one of 40 V to any one of 5 J | 39 | |
| 8776813954 | Origin of Self Tolerance | Lymphocyte antigen receptors are tested for self-reactivity Those that are self reactive undergo apoptosis or rendered nonfunctional | 40 | |
| 8776813955 | Proliferation of B and T Cells; Clonal Selection | Binding of antigen receptor to epitote activates lymphocyte B/T cell then undergoes multiple cell divisions to produce clones | 41 | |
| 8776813956 | Effector Cells | Short lived cells that take effect immediately against the antigen or any pathogen producing that sntigen | 42 | |
| 8776813957 | Memory Cells | Long-lived cells that can give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered later in the animal's life | 43 | |
| 8776813958 | Primary Immune Response | Peaks 10-17 days after initial exposure Selected B and T cells give rise to effector and memory forms | 44 | |
| 8776813959 | Secondary Immune Response | Hallmark of adaptive immunity Peaks 2-7 days after exposure Faster, stronger, longer response Relies on reservoir of memory T and B cells generated following the initial exposure | 45 | |
| 8776813960 | Humoral Immune Response | Occurs in blood/lymph Antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in blood/lymph | 46 | |
| 8776813961 | Cell-Mediated immune response | Specialized T cells destroy infected host cells | 47 | |
| 8776813962 | Helper T-Cell | Triggers both humoral and cell-mediated immune response Do not carry out the responses themselves Signals the production of antibodies To activate adaptive immune responses, a foreign molecule must be present that can bind specifically to the antigen receptor of the T Cell AND the antigen must be displayed on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell | 48 | |
| 8776813963 | Antigen-Presenting Cell | A dendritic cell, macrophage, or B Cell | 49 | |
| 8776813964 | What distinguishes an antigen-presenting cell? | Antigen-Presenting Cells can also be host cells Class I MHC - Body Cells Class I and Class II MHC - Antigen presenting cells Class II allows antigen presenting cells to be recognized | 50 | |
| 8776813965 | Helper T/Antigen-Presenting Cell Interaction | Antigen receptors on Helper T surface bind to specific epitote of an antigen frag. Accessory protein on helper T Cell attaches to Class II MHC (keeps them joined) Signals from cytokines are exchanges (antigen-presenting cell secrete cytokines to stimulate Helpter T, causing the Helpter T to produce cytokines) Helper T Cell proliferates (forms Activated Helpter T Cells) to stimulate cytotoxic T Cells B Cells present antigents to already activated helper T cells, which activates B Cells themselves | 51 | |
| 8776813966 | Cytotoxic T Cells | Cell-mediated immune response effector cells Requires signaling molecules from helper T and the interaction with a antigen-presenting cell to activate Frag. of foreign proteins produced in infected host cells associate with Class I MHC (recognized by cytotoxic T) Secrete proteins that disrupt membrane integrity and tirgger apoptosis Deprives pathogen of reproduction host and exposes them to antibodies | 52 | |
| 8776813967 | Activation of B Cells | Activation by antigen is aided by cytokine (secreted by helper T) Stimulated by antigen and cytokines, B Cells proliferate into memory and effector/plasma cells (secrete antibodies) | 53 | |
| 8776813968 | Antigen processing and display in B Cells | Presents only the antigen to which it specifically binds (magrophages/dendritic cells present fragments from a wide variety of protein antigens) Antigen binds to receptor on B Cell surface Receptor-mediated endocytosis, class II MHC protein then presents antigen frag to helpter T | 54 | |
| 8776813969 | B Cell Activation | Cell-to-cell contact between B cell and Helper T Cell 1000's of plasma cells produced (these stop expressing a membrane bound antigen receptor) and produce/secrete antibodies (2000/sec for 4-5 days) Antigens recognized by B cells contain multiple epitotes (single antigen, variety of B cells activated) | 55 | |
| 8776813970 | Antibody Function | Binds to entigens, marks pathogens for inactivation/destruction | 56 | |
| 8776813971 | Antibody Function - Neutralization | Antibodies bind to viral surface proteins Prevent infection of host cell, or recruits natural killer Bind to toxins released in body and prevent entrance | 57 | |
| 8776813972 | Antibody Function - Opsonization | Antibodies bound to antigens on bacteria present a readily recognized structure for macrophages or neutrophils Increase phagocytosis May link bacterial cells, virus particles, or other foreign substances into aggregates (each antibody has 2 binding sites) Positive feedback (antibodies increase phagocytosis, phagocytic cells present antigens, more B cells formed, more antibodies released) | 58 | |
| 8776813973 | Antibody Function - Membrane Attack Complex | Complement protein binds to antigen-antibody complex on a foreign cell (or enveloped virus) Complement system activates next protein Activated complement protein cascade generates membrane attack complex (forms pores in membrane of foreign cells, ions/water rush in, lysis) | 59 | |
| 8776813974 | Active Immunity | Defenses that arise when a pathogen infects the body and prompts a primary or secondary immune response | 60 | |
| 8776813975 | Passive Immunity | Antibodies provided by mother guard against pathogens that have never infected the newborn | 61 | |
| 8776813976 | Immunization/Vaccination | Introduction of antigens into the body used to induce adaptive immunity Antibodies from an immune animal are injected into nonimmune animal (artificial passive immunization) | 62 | |
| 8776813977 | Monoclonial Antibodies | Antibodies prepared from a single blone of B cells grown in a culture | 63 | |
| 8776813978 | Immune Rejection | Antigen receptors are not self-tolerant of a recipient's body cells (Immune system is health) | 64 | |
| 8776813979 | Blood Groups | Type A - A Carbohydrate, Anti-B Type B - B Carbohydrate, Anti-A Type AB - Both A and B carbohydrate, no antibody Type O - Neither, Anti-A and Anti-B | 65 | |
| 8776813980 | Tissue and Organ Transplants | MHC stimulate immune response Diversity of MHC | 66 | |
| 8776813981 | Allergies | Exaggerated (hypersentive) responses to certain antigens (allergens) | 67 | |
| 8776813982 | Autoimmune Disease | Immune system is active against particular molecules of the body Immune system is self-reactive Lupus - Antibodies vs histones and DNA (breakdown of body cells - skin rashes, fevers, arthritis, kidney dysfunction) Rheumatoid Arthritis - Damage and inflammation of joints/cartilage Type I Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin producing Beta cells of pancreas are destroyed by cytotoxic T Cells Multiple sclerosis - T cells infiltrate central nervous system and destroy myelin sheath | 68 | |
| 8776813983 | Immunodeficiency | An immune system response to antigens that is defective or absent | 69 | |
| 8776813984 | Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | HIV virus | 70 | |
| 8776813985 | Antigenic Variation | Changes in epitote expression Lessens recognition by immune system | 71 | |
| 8776813986 | Latency | Viruses enter an inactive state No proteins made, no free virus particles, adaptive immunity is not triggered | 72 | |
| 8776813987 | HIV | Infects helper T Cells, high mutation (antigenic variation) | 73 | |
| 8776813988 | Cancer | Cancer frequency increases dramatically when adaptive immunity is inactivated | 74 |
AP Biology Unit 4.8 - Mendelian Genetics Flashcards
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| 9450698182 | Gregor Mendel | Austrian monk known as the the Father of Genetics; studied inherited traits of pea plants |  | 0 |
| 9450698183 | Pea Plants | Type of plant studied by Gregor Mendel |  | 1 |
| 9450698184 | Purebred | An organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent. |  | 2 |
| 9450698185 | Law of Segregation | Mendelian law stating that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis |  | 3 |
| 9450698186 | Law of Independent Assortment | The law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis |  | 4 |
| 9450698187 | Gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait/protein |  | 5 |
| 9450698188 | Trait | A quality or characteristic of an organism. |  | 6 |
| 9450698189 | Phenotype | An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. |  | 7 |
| 9450698190 | Genotype | An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations that determine traits. |  | 8 |
| 9450698191 | Allele | An alternative form of a gene. |  | 9 |
| 9450698192 | Homozygous | An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait |  | 10 |
| 9450698193 | Homozygous Dominant | Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA) |  | 11 |
| 9450698194 | Homozygous Recessive | Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa) |  | 12 |
| 9450698195 | Heterozygous | An organism that has two different alleles for a trait |  | 13 |
| 9450698196 | Dominant | Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait. |  | 14 |
| 9450698197 | Recessive | An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present |  | 15 |
| 9450698198 | Punnet Square | Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross | | 16 |
| 9450698199 | Monohybrid Cross | A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait |  | 17 |
| 9450698200 | Codominance | A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed; neither is truly dominant. |  | 18 |
| 9450698201 | Incomplete Dominance | Creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other. |  | 19 |
| 9450698202 | Sex Linkage | Occurs when certain traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes; for example, males are more likely to express recessive alleles on the X-chromosome |  | 20 |
| 9450703187 | Dihybrid Cross | A cross between two organisms in which two traits are being considered. |  | 21 |
| 9450707125 | Gene Linkage | Genes near each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together |  | 22 |
01 AP Biology (inorganic chemistry vocab) Flashcards
A review of all of the Campbell 7th Edition terms for the new 2013 AP Biology Curriculum
Terms : Hide Images
| 7303908226 | polar | Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water. |  | 0 |
| 7303908227 | nonpolar | No partial charges. Do not mix with water. |  | 1 |
| 7303908228 | electronegativity | Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond. |  | 2 |
| 7303908229 | cohesion | Water molecules sticking to each other. |  | 3 |
| 7303908230 | adhesion | Water molecules sticking to other surfaces. |  | 4 |
| 7303908231 | solute | Something dissolved in a solution. |  | 5 |
| 7303908232 | solvent | Dissolving agent of a solution. |  | 6 |
| 7485659043 | hydrophobic | water repels it/nonpolar |  | 7 |
| 7485660451 | hydrophilic | water is attracted to it (ions or polar molecules) |  | 8 |
| 7485662252 | ionic bond | the force of attraction between an anion and a cation |  | 9 |
| 7485664489 | anion | negative ion |  | 10 |
| 7485664490 | cation | positive ion |  | 11 |
| 7485665189 | ion | charged atom or molecule |  | 12 |
| 7485665683 | covalent bond | electrons are shared between atoms/doesn't dissociate in water |  | 13 |
| 7485669374 | nonpolar covalent bond | electrons are shared equally between atoms (ex. H2) |  | 14 |
| 7485674049 | hydrogen bond | a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom |  | 15 |
| 7485677551 | van der Waals interactions | Occur between transiently positive and negative regions of molecules. |  | 16 |
| 7485680234 | intramolecular | A force acting between atoms within molecules |  | 17 |
| 7485681387 | intermolecular | existing or taking place between molecules |  | 18 |
| 7485800300 | polar covalent bond | A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally |  | 19 |
AP Biology: Chapter 6 (cells) Flashcards
Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.
Terms : Hide Images
| 8525457056 | organelles | membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell |  | 0 |
| 8525457057 | cytosol | a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found |  | 1 |
| 8525457058 | eukaryotic cell | Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |  | 2 |
| 8525457059 | prokaryotic cell | Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles |  | 3 |
| 8525457060 | nucleoid region | a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found |  | 4 |
| 8525457061 | cytoplasm | the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles |  | 5 |
| 8525457062 | plasma membrane | The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell |  | 6 |
| 8525457063 | nucleus | chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell |  | 7 |
| 8525457064 | nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm |  | 8 |
| 8525457065 | nuclear lamina | a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope |  | 9 |
| 8525457066 | chromosomes | tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division) |  | 10 |
| 8525457067 | chromatin | loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA |  | 11 |
| 8525457068 | nucleolus | located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes |  | 12 |
| 8525457069 | ribosomes | made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins |  | 13 |
| 8525457070 | endomembrane system | membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane. |  | 14 |
| 8525457071 | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope |  | 15 |
| 8525457072 | smooth ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels |  | 16 |
| 8525457073 | rough ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins |  | 17 |
| 8525457074 | glycoproteins | proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction |  | 18 |
| 8525457075 | transport vesicles | vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another |  | 19 |
| 8525457076 | Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |  | 20 |
| 8525457077 | lysosome | membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials |  | 21 |
| 8525457078 | phagocytosis | the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle |  | 22 |
| 8525457079 | autophagy | lysosomes break down damaged organelles |  | 23 |
| 8525457080 | food vacuoles | formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle |  | 24 |
| 8525457081 | contractile vacuoles | pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell |  | 25 |
| 8525457082 | central vacuole | the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells |  | 26 |
| 8525457083 | mitochondria | chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration |  | 27 |
| 8525457084 | chloroplasts | contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis |  | 28 |
| 8525457085 | cristae | infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria |  | 29 |
| 8525457086 | mitochondrial matrix | compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle |  | 30 |
| 8525457087 | plastids | manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches |  | 31 |
| 8525457088 | thylakoids | flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs |  | 32 |
| 8525457089 | granum | stacks of thylakoids |  | 33 |
| 8525457090 | stroma | fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area |  | 34 |
| 8525457091 | cytoskeleton | a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm |  | 35 |
| 8525457092 | microtubules | hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell |  | 36 |
| 8525457093 | centrosome | a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division |  | 37 |
| 8525457094 | centrioles | cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division |  | 38 |
| 8525457095 | flagella | a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement |  | 39 |
| 8525457096 | cilia | a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion | | 40 |
| 8525457097 | microfilaments | the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts |  | 41 |
| 8525457098 | actin | a globular protein that makes up microfilaments |  | 42 |
| 8525457099 | pseudopodia | cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface |  | 43 |
| 8525457100 | cytoplasmic streaming | the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells |  | 44 |
| 8525457101 | intermediate filaments | diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments |  | 45 |
| 8525457102 | cell wall | extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake |  | 46 |
| 8525457103 | primary cell wall | a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell |  | 47 |
| 8525457104 | middle lamella | a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin |  | 48 |
| 8525457105 | secondary cell wall | a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support | | 49 |
| 8525457106 | extracellular matrix | where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides |  | 50 |
| 8525457107 | collagen | most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells |  | 51 |
| 8525457108 | plasmodesmata | channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants |  | 52 |
| 8525457109 | tight junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins |  | 53 |
| 8525457110 | desmosomes | intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets |  | 54 |
| 8525457111 | gap junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants |  | 55 |
AP Biology Chapter 1-5 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4918535938 | What's the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote? | Prokaryotes don't have nucleus or other membrane bound organelle while eukaryotes do |  | 0 |
| 4918638661 | Difference between starch and cellulose | starch has alpha glycosidic linkages whereas cellulose has beta glycosidic linkages | 1 | |
| 4918658681 | Secondary protein structure | interaction of backbone, hydrogen bonding causing alpha helix or beta pleated sheets |  | 2 |
| 4918649097 | Storage polysaccharides | starch, glycogen- alpha glycosidic linkages | 3 | |
| 4918650808 | Structural polysaccharides | chitin, cellulose- beta glycosidic linkages | 4 | |
| 4918656187 | Primary protein structure | amino acid sequence |  | 5 |
| 4918628877 | Saturated fats | maximum number of hydrogens bonded to carbons, solid at room temperature, worse for you |  | 6 |
| 4918631811 | Unsaturated fats | double bonds between carbons cause kinks, liquid at room temperature, better for you | | 7 |
| 4918665073 | Tertiary protein structure | R group interactions |  | 8 |
| 4918667938 | Quaternary protein structure | two of more polypeptide chains interacting |  | 9 |
| 4918674816 | Examples of lipids | steroids, phospholipids, triacylglycerides | 10 | |
| 4918677456 | Function of phospholipid | makes up major component of plasma membrane | | 11 |
| 4918625522 | Hydrolysis | add water to break apart a polymer |  | 12 |
| 4918604300 | Ketone | carbonyl group located within the carbon skeleton |  | 13 |
| 4918611260 | Aldose | carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton | | 14 |
| 4918618822 | Dehydration synthesis | remove water to join monomers together |  | 15 |
| 4918582235 | Enantiomers | stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images |  | 16 |
| 4918578416 | Structural isomers | molecules with the same molecular formula have bonded together in different orders |  | 17 |
| 4918541853 | Levels of organization | sub atomic particle, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere | 18 | |
| 4918549621 | Isotopes | different number of neutrons |  | 19 |
| 4918558475 | Weak chemical attractions | hydrogen bonds, van der Waals, ionic bonds in water | 20 | |
| 4918568360 | All living things in an area- | community | 21 | |
| 4918570690 | What makes something an organic molecule? | Carbon, hydrogen bonds | 22 | |
| 4918558476 | Why is one water molecule attracted to another? | hydrogen bonds | 23 | |
| 4918551197 | Isomer | same molecular formula, different arrangment |  | 24 |
| 4918682308 | Monomer of carbohydrate | monosaccharide |  | 25 |
| 4918683861 | Monomer of protein | amino acid |  | 26 |
| 4918684609 | Monomer of nucleic acid | nucleotide |  | 27 |
| 4918690169 | Bond between sugar and phosphate backbone of nucleic acids | phosphodiester | 28 | |
| 4918691698 | Bond between nitrogen bases of nucleic acids | hydrogen bonds | 29 | |
| 4918693788 | Bonds between glycerol and fatty acid | ester linkage | 30 | |
| 4918693789 | Bonds between amino acids | peptide bonds | 31 |
GWHS AP Biology - Chapter 52: Intro to Ecology Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9555318009 | Biosphere | the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet's ecosystems | 0 | |
| 9555318010 | Ecology | the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment |  | 1 |
| 9555318011 | Global economy | the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere | 2 | |
| 9555318012 | Landscape | a mosaic of connected ecosystems |  | 3 |
| 9555318013 | Landscape ecology | focuses on the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems | 4 | |
| 9555318014 | Ecosystem | the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact |  | 5 |
| 9555318015 | Ecosystem ecology | emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components | 6 | |
| 9555318016 | Community | a group of populations of different species in an area |  | 7 |
| 9555318017 | Community ecology | examines the effect of interspecific interactions on community structure and organization | 8 | |
| 9555318018 | Population | a group of individuals of the same species living in an area |  | 9 |
| 9555318019 | Population ecology | focuses on factors affecting population size over time | 10 | |
| 9555318020 | Organismal ecology | studies how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges -physiological -evolutionary -behavioral ecology | 11 | |
| 9555318021 | Climate | long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area -temperature -precipitation -sunlight -wind | 12 | |
| 9555318022 | Macro-climate | consists of patterns on the global, regional, and landscape level | 13 | |
| 9555318023 | Microclimate | consists of very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log | 14 | |
| 9555318024 | Abiotic factors | nonliving attributes -temperature -light -water -nutrients |  | 15 |
| 9555318025 | Biotic factors | living organisms in an individual's enviornmernt |  | 16 |
| 9555318026 | Biomes | major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial) or physical environment (aquatic) | 17 | |
| 9555318027 | Tropical rain forests | relatively constant rainfall |  | 18 |
| 9555318028 | Tropical dry forests | precipitation is highly seasonal |  | 19 |
| 9555318029 | Desert | bands near 30 north and south of the equator, and in the interior of continents precipitation = low and highly variable, < 30 cm per year temp. = variable seasonally and daily may be hot or cold |  | 20 |
| 9555318030 | Savanna | distribution includes equatorial and subequatorial regions precipitation = seasonal w/ dry seasons (8-9 months long) temp. = (24-29 C) but more seasonally variable than the tropics |  | 21 |
| 9555318031 | Chaparral | midlatitude coastal regions on several continents precipitation = highly seasonal w/ rainy winters and dry summers summer = hot (30 C +); fall, winter, and spring are cool (10-12 C) |  | 22 |
| 9555318032 | Temperate Grassland | precipitation = highly seasonal winter = cold (-10 C) // dry summer = (30 C) |  | 23 |
| 9555318033 | Northern Coniferous Forest | spans northern North America and Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth precipitation = some periodic droughts, near coasts - wet winters = cold // summer = hot (Siberian -- -50 C to 20 C) |  | 24 |
| 9555318034 | Temperate Broadleaf Forest | distribution is primarily at midlatitudes in the North Hemisphere w/ smaller areas in Chile, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand -signifiant amounts of precipitation fall during all seasons as rain or snow -winters = 0 C // summers = hot & humid (35 C) mature ______________ _________________ _________________ = vertical layers aka closed canopy, understory trees, a shrub layer, and herb layer |  | 25 |
| 9555318035 | Tundra | expansive areas of the Arctic; alpine tundra exists on high mountaintops at all latitudes precipitation is low in arctic tundra and higher alpine tundra winters = cold (below -30 C) // summers = relatively cool ( < 10 C) |  | 26 |
| 9555318036 | Aquatic Biomes | physical environment, chemical environment, geological features, photosynthetic organisms and heterotrophs |  | 27 |
| 9555318037 | Lakes | size varies from small pond to very large lakes -temperate lakes = seasonal thermocline -- tropical lowland lakes have a year-round thermocline -oligotrophic lakes = nutrient poor and generally oxygen-rich -eutrophic lakes = nutrient rich & often depleted of oxygen in deep zones or throughout if ice covered in winter |  | 28 |
| 9555318038 | Wetland | habitat that is inundated by water and supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil high organic production and decomposition and have low dissolved oxygen develop in shallow basins, along flooded river banks or on coasts of large lakes and seas most productive biomes |  | 29 |
| 9555318039 | Streams and Rivers | most prominent physical characteristic of streams and rivers is current -downstream waters form rivers and are generally warmer, more turbid and well oxygenated |  | 30 |
| 9555318040 | Estuaries | a transition area between river and sea -salinity varies w/ the rise and fall of the tides -nutrient-rich and highly productive -complex network of tidal channels, natural levees, and mudflats -abundant supply of food attracts invertebrates, fish, waterfowl, and marine mammals -human interference upstream has disrupted _____________ worldwide |  | 31 |
| 9555318041 | Intertidal zones | -periodically submerged and exposed by the tides -challenged by variations in temperature and salinity and by the mechanical forces of wave action -oxygen & nutrient levels are high -substrate varies from rocky to sandy -oil pollution has disrupted many ____________ areas |  | 32 |
| 9555318042 | Oceanic Pelagic Zone | -constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents -oxygen levels are high -turnover in temperate oceans renews nutrients in photic zones -this biome covers approximately 70% of Earth's surface -overfishing depletes fish stock -humans pollute by dumping waste |  | 33 |
| 9555318043 | Coral reefs | formed from calcium carbonate skeletons of coral shallow reef-building corals live in the photic zone in warm (20C -30C), clear water; deep sea corals live at depths of 200-1,500 m corals require high oxygen concentrations and a solid substrate for attachment coral reef progresses from a fringing reef to a barrier reef to a coral reef collections of coral skeletons, overfishing, global warming, pollution ansd aquaculture are threats to the coral reef ecosystems |  | 34 |
| 9555318044 | Marine Benthic zone | the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal, or neritic zone and the offshore pelagic zone -organisms in deep benthic (abyssal) are adapted to continuous cold and extremely high water pressure |  | 35 |
| 9555318045 | Deep-sea hydothermal vents | volcanic origin on mid-oceanic ridges are surrounded by unique chemoautotrophic prokaryotes ( echinoderms and arthropods) neritic benthic communities include invertebrates and fishes overfishing and dumping waste have depleted | 36 | |
| 9555318046 | Dispersal | the movement of individuals or gametes away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin contributes to the global distribution of organisms |  | 37 |
| 9555318047 | Biotic factors that can affect the distribution of organisms may include: | -predation -herbivory -competition -mutualism -parasitism | 38 | |
| 9555318048 | Abiotic factors that can affect the distribution of organisms may include: | -temperature -water -oxygen -salinity -sunlight -soil most abiotic factors vary in space and time | 39 | |
| 9555318049 | Temperature | environmental temperature is an important factor in the distribution of organisms because of its effects on biological processes cells may freeze and rupture below 0C, most proteins denature above 45C mammals and birds expend energy to regulate their internal temperature |  | 40 |
| 9555318050 | Water & Oxygen | -water availability in habitats is another important factor in species distribution -desert organisms exhibit adaptations for water -water affects oxygen availability as oxygen diffuses slowly in water -oxygen concentrations can be low in deep oceans and deep lakes | 41 | |
| 9555318051 | Salinity | salt concentration affects the water balance of organisms through osmosis aquatic organisms are restricted ti freshwater or saltwater habitats very few terrestrial organisms are adapted to high-salt habitats salmon - able to migrate between freshwater and ocean | 42 | |
| 9555318052 | Sunlight | light intensity and quality affect photosynthesis -shading by leaves makes competition for light intense on the forest floor -water absorbs light = in aquatic environments most photosynthesis occurs near the surface **in deserts, high light levels increase temperature and can stress plants & animals |  | 43 |
| 9555318053 | Rocks & Soil | many characteristics of soil distribution of plants and thus the animals that feed on them -physical structure -pH -mineral composition |  | 44 |
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