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Biology

The Hardy-Weinberg principle

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Biology
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Population genetics
Genetics
Biology
Philosophy of biology
Hardy–Weinberg principle
Genetic drift
Natural selection
evolution
Panmixia
Allele frequency
Social Issues
health

The Hardy-Weinberg principle The Hardy-Weinberg principle: the frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population?s gene pool will remain constant from one generation to the next. Provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work Describes a population that is not evolving The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes a hypothetical population Changes to allelic frequency and genotype always occur in real populations The equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p2 and q2 represent the frequencies of the homozygous genotypes 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle Population size = extremely large No gene flow can occur (no immigration or emigration of individuals) No mutations No natural selection

The Nucleus

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
Membrane biology
organelles
Protein families
Lamin
Cell nucleus
Nuclear pore
Nuclear lamina
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
LMNA

The Nucleus Functions of the nucleus Storage of genes on chromosomes Transportation of regulatory factors & gene products via nuclear pores Separation of: DNA from cytosol Transcription from translation Organisation of: genes into chromosomes (to allow cell division) uncoiling of DNA to replicate key genes Production of: messenger RNA ( mRNA ) that code for proteins ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the nucleolus Components within the nucleus Nuclear envelope: double membrane, each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer Nuclear pore: controls entry and exit from the nucleus e.g. of RNA proteins Nuclear lamina: a series of structural proteins found on the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope, provide structural support Nuclear matrix: scaffold proteins Nucleoplasm: viscous medium

BIO152 Lecture 12 Darwin and Natural Selection

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Biology
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Evolutionary biology
Biology
Philosophy of biology
Natural selection
evolution
Mutation
Adaptation
Common descent
Mimicry
Vestigiality
Heritability
Pesticide resistance

Lecture 12-13 BIO152 Darwin and Natural Selection L12 mimicry means similar to something else mimicry can be shape and just not behavior mimic octopus is an example, it mimics a number of poisonous sea animals shape, behavior and colour chromataphors- changes shape , not just colour but patters uniform-little or no contrast moderate- destructive- to interfere with the colour that the actuall organism is octopus is colour blind but because of chromataphors not just matching colour behind you but the texture lyer bird makes sounds that they hear in their environment **Fig 23.13 Less than 35 years Think-Pair-Share Q: Where did antibiotic resistance gene come from?

BIO152 Lecture 12 The Origin of Species

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Biology
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Biology
Philosophy of biology
Evolutionary biology
Ecology
Speciation
Scientific classification
Classical genetics
Allopatric speciation
Reproductive isolation
Sympatry
Polyploid
Hybrid
Environment

Lecture 16-17 BIO152 The Origin of Species L16 flightless : can?t fly but its a really good swimmer Biological species concept states a species is group whose members have potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring mule is viable but not fertile reproductive isolation-barriers that prevent two species from breeding reproductive isolation is classified if it happens before or after fertilization sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the other- gameric isolation they may be viable in one generation but not the others- hybrid breakdown post zygotic barriers have to do with hybrids beluga seal intrasextual- inflates balloon to warn of males if they approach and use his balloon again to attract female (intersextual)

Chp 12 Bio

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Cytogenetics
Classical genetics
Molecular genetics
Epigenetics
Genomic imprinting
Y chromosome
Chromosome
Genetic linkage
Meiosis
Gamete
health

Overview: Locating Genes Along Chromosomes ? Mendel?s ?hereditary factors? were genes, though this wasn?t known at the time. ? The location of a particular gene can be seen by tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent dye that highlights the gene. Concept 12.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes ? The chromosome theory of inheritance states: ? Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes ? Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment. ? The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis was said to account for Mendel?s laws of segregation and independent assortment. Morgan?s Experimental Evidence & Choice of Experimental Organism

Chp 25 Bio

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Biology
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Biology
Eukaryotes
Protista
Photosynthesis
microbiology
organelles
Algae
Archaeplastida
Alveolate
Plastid
Chromalveolate
Green algae

Chapter 25: The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes Overview: Shape Changers Because eukaryotes have internal membranes, they can perform a wide variety of tasks that prokaryotes are unable to perform. An example is a Didinium eating a larger Paramecium The cytoskeleton allows the Didinium to change its shape enough to engulf the Paramecium Concept 25.1 Eukaryotes arose by endosymbiosis more than 1.8 billion years ago Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution There is now considerable evidence that much protist diversity has its origins in endosymbiosis Endosymbiosis is the process in which a unicellular organism engulfs another cell, which becomes an endosymbiont and then organelle in the host cell Mitochondria evolved by endosymbiosis of an aerobic prokaryote

Chp 24 Bio

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Biology
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Biology
microbiology
bacteria
Prokaryote
Archaea
cell
Eukaryote
Plasmid
Transformation
Secretion
Endosymbiont
Escherichia coli
health

Chapter 24 Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes Overview: The First cells Chemical and physical processes on early Earth may have produced very simple cells through a sequence of stages: 1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules 2. Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules 3. Packaging of molecules into protocells 4. Origin of self-replicating molecules Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Early Earth ? Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago, along with the rest of the solar system ? Bombardment of Earth by rocks and ice likely vaporized water and prevented seas from forming before 4.2 to 3.9 billion years ago ? Earth?s early atmosphere likely contained water vapor and chemicals released by volcanic eruptions

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