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Biology

AP Biology Ch. 8-10 Vocabulary

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Biology
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Biology
Photosynthesis
Chemistry
biochemistry
cellular respiration
Light reactions
Integral membrane proteins
Plant physiology
Light-dependent reactions
Photosystem
metabolism
Photosynthetic reaction centre
Environment

AP Biology Chapters 8-10 Vocabulary Chapter 8: Activation energy: the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start Active site: the specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds ATP: an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells Catalyst: a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Coenzyme: an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions

Fungi Problem Set

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Biology
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Biology
microbiology
Symbiosis
fungi
Soil biology
Fungus
Tree of life
Hypha
Mycelium
Mycorrhiza
Haustorium
Mushroom
Environment

Christina Krucylak Fungi Problem Set AP Biology April 2, 2013 Fungi are heterotrophs and therefore cannot make their own food, like plants can. They absorb nutrients from the outside environment. They use enzymes to either breakdown complex molecules into simpler ones for easier absorption or to break down cell walls or membranes to absorb nutrients from a host. Fungi have a wide range of ?hosts? and they can range from parasitic relationships to mutualistic ones. Hyphae are a network of tubular membranes surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of cells. This network is both above and below ground. A mycelium is more or less the subterranean part of a hyphae tube network. A mycelium infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds off of.

Chapter 3 APES notes

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Environmental Science
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Biology
Ecology
Chemistry
Geochemistry
Systems ecology
Biogeochemical cycle
Biogeography
Food web
Natural environment
Carbon Cycle
ecosystem
Primary production
Environment

Ecology -The study of how organisms interact with one another and their physical environment of matter and energy. All living organisms are composed of cells. Cell-the smallest and most fundamental structural and functional units of life. The idea that all living things are composed of cells is called cell theory. Organisms can be classified as either eukaryotes or prokaryotes A eukaryote is a cell surrounded by a membrane that has a distinct nucleus and other internal parts called organelles. A prokaryote is a cell surrounded by a membrane but has no distinct nucleus or organelles surrounded by membranes. For a group of sexually reproducing organisms a species is a set of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring.

Themes & Variations: Chapter 3

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Psychology
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anatomy
Biology
Mind
nervous system
Neuroanatomy
Neurophysiology
Medical terms
neuroscience
Neuron
brain
Autonomic nervous system
Stress
health

BRAIN & NERVOUS SYSTEM Nervous System: Peripheral: Somatic Nervous System: Afferent-Goes to CNS (BRAIN) Efferent-Goes away from the CNS (BRAIN) Autonomic Nervous System: automates your heart, lungs, and glands Sympathetic-output?of energy during times of stress [GO] Parasympathetic-conserves?bodily resources [BREAK] Structure: Neurons-basic unit of the nervous system; receive, integrate, transmit Glia- support, nourish insulate? Can also transmit. VERY MINOR ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Neuron: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? MAIN 3 PARTS: Dendrite-takes information TO the cell body Cell Body-maintenance-keeps it alive Axon-takes the information AWAY from the neuron (highway of the nervous system) terminal button-small knob that secrete NEURO CHEMICALS Neuro chemicals-stored by synapse

chapter 27 notes

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Biology
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Biology
microbiology
Bacteriology
organelles
bacteria
Membrane biology
Archaea
cell
Prokaryote
Peptidoglycan
Gram-positive bacteria
Eukaryote
health

Chapter 27- bacteria and archaea Hypotonic hypertonic Lysis Mycoplasmas- bacteria that lack cell walls Gram positive bacteria- cell walls made of peptidoglycan Penicillin works on gram positive bacteria by preventing the synthesis of peptidoglycan Cell wall layers are: outermost is capsule, then lipopolysaccharide, then peptidoglycan, then phospholipids Cell wall is source of endotoxin Gram negative bacyeria- outer membrane with toxic lipopolysaccharides Plasmolysis- loss of water due to osmosis causes cytoplasm to pull away from cell wall Occurs in environments with high sugar content DNA should be located in the following to avoid cell death by adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temp: Nucleoid, endospore, plasmid

chapter 26 notes

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Biology
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Biology
microbiology
bacteria
Archaea
cell
Endosymbiont
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
organism
evolution
Peptidoglycan
Gram-positive bacteria
health

Chapter 26 Rooted Tree- has an ancestor common to all organisms on the tree Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Node- spot where a common ancestor exists of branches coming off of it Phylocode method of classification- naming based on similarities Homoplasy- a trait (genetic, morphological etc.) that is shared by two or more taxa because of convergent evolution i.e. 4 chambered heart in mammals and birds Clade- a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants, a single "branch" Cladistics- grouped together based on whether or not they have one or more shared unique characteristics that come from the group's last common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors

AP Bio Study

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Biology
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Biology
RNA
Evolutionary biology
microbiology
Genetics
Protein biosynthesis
Abiogenesis
cell
Prokaryote
Photosynthesis
DNA
Gene

Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 26: The Tree of Life: An Introduction to Biological Diversity Chapter Questions 1) The first genetic material was most likely a(n) A) DNA polymer. B) DNA oligonucleotide. C) RNA polymer. D) protein. E) protein enzyme. Answer: C Topic: Concept 26.1 Skill: Knowledge 2) Which gas was probably least abundant in Earth's early atmosphere? A) O2 B) CO C) CH4 D) H2O E) NH3 Answer: A Topic: Concept 26.1 Skill: Knowledge 3) In their laboratory simulations of the early Earth, Miller and Urey observed the abiotic synthesis of A) amino acids. B) complex organic polymers. C) DNA. D) liposomes. E) nucleoli. Answer: A Topic: Concept 26.1 Skill: Knowledge

Biology Study Guide

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Philosophy of biology
Phylogenetics
Evolutionary biology
DNA
Molecular evolution
Nucleic acid sequence
evolution
Homology
Mitochondrial DNA
Gene

Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 25: Phylogeny and Systematics Chapter Questions 1) Which combination of the following species characteristics would cause the greatest likelihood of fossilization in sedimentary rock? I. The species was abundant. II. The species was widespread. III. The species had hard body parts. IV. The species was adapted to desert life. V. The species had a long duration in geologic time. A) III only B) III and IV C) I, II, and III D) I, II, and V E) I, II, III, and V Answer: E Topic: Concept 25.1 Skill: Comprehension 2) The ostrich and the emu look very similar and live in similar habitats, however they are not very closely related. This is an example of A) divergent evolution. B) convergent evolution. C) exaptation. D) adaptive radiation.

AP BIO Photosynthesis Vocab

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Biology
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Biology
Photosynthesis
Chemistry
biochemistry
Light reactions
Integral membrane proteins
cellular respiration
Membrane biology
Thylakoid
Photosystem
Light-dependent reactions
Photosynthetic reaction centre

Stomates ? In plants, a mite opening bordered by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems; water passes out of a plant Mesophyll cells ? the photosynthetic parenchyma of a leaf, located within the epidermis Thylakoid Membranes ? in chloroplasts, a complex,organized internal membrane composed of flattened disks, which contain the photosystems involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Stroma ? In chloroplasts, the molecules from CO2.semi-liquid substance that surrounds the thylakoid system and that contains the enzymes needed to assemble organic

AP BIO Respiration Vocab

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Biology
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Biology
cellular respiration
biochemistry
Chemistry
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain
Citric acid cycle
Chemiosmosis
metabolism
Anaerobic respiration
#ap bio #respiration

Acetyl CoA ? the product of the transition reaction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl-CoA by NAD+ , also producing CO2, and NADH Aerobic ? Requiring free oxygen: any biological process that can occur in the presence of gaseous oxygen. Alcohol Fermentation ? The process by which yeast turns sugar into carbon dioxideCO2) and alcohol. Anaerobic ? Any process that can occur without oxygen, such as anaerobic fermentation or H2S photosynthesis. ATP Synthase ? An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP from the phosphorylation of ADP with inorganic phosphate, using a form of energy, such as the energy from a proton gradient.

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