Chapter 4 Carbon and the molecular diversity of life
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Chemistry
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Chapter 4-5 Vocab
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pKa Chemistry Lab Report
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Pre Lab Questions: 1. H3PO4 + H20 ( H30+ + H2PO4- Ka1 = [H2PO4-][ H30+]/[ H3PO4] pH = pKa1 ??+ log [A-]/[HA] pH = -log( 7.5 x 10-3) + log (1) pH = -log( 7.5 x 10-3) pH = 2.12 Methyl Red would not be a proper indicator because the color change of this titration occurs between the pH?s of 4 and 5. The pH of the indicator should be close to the pH of the equivalence point. The indicator should change color at a pH of around 2.12, therefore, Orange IV would be the indicator to use since it changes from Orange to Peach at around a pH of 2.5. Results & Data: Experiment Table Unknown Trial pH pH (average) pKa Unknown ID C Sample #1 6.76 6.76 6.76 KH2PO4 Sample # 2 6.76 Table of Unknowns Acid Formula Ka of Conjugate Acid pKa
Inert pair effect
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Trying to explain the trends in oxidation states There's nothing surprising about the normal Group oxidation state of +4. All of the elements in the group have the outer electronic structure ns2npx1npy1, where n varies from 2 (for carbon) to 6 (for lead). The oxidation state of +4 is where all these outer electrons are directly involved in the bonding. As you get closer to the bottom of the Group, there is an increasing tendency for the s2 pair not to be used in the bonding. This is often known as the inert pair effect - and is dominant in lead chemistry. However, just giving it a name like "inert pair effect" explains nothing. You need to look at two different explanations depending on whether you are talking about the formation of ionic or covalent bonds.
Enzyme Lab
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Enzymes Andy Giang AP Biology Period 4 Background What is an enzyme? Enzymes are catalyst proteins used to speed up reactions in the body. Enzymes have a globular shape with a quaternary protein structure. Each enzyme has a specific shape, which determines its specific function. Every enzyme has specific substances it works with called substrates. Enzymes have active sites where it can bond with substrates and convert them into desired products How does an enzyme work? Enzymes go through a process to convert substrates into products. First, the enzyme binds the substrate at the active site and closes in make an induced fit. Then the substrates get converted into
Lab 2 Enzyme Catalase
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Conclusion Activity A: Hypothesis: If hydrogen peroxide is introduced to catalase, then the rate at which the decomposition of by catalase will increase because enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is a chemical reaction, therefore, its rate will increase because, after all, catalase is an enzyme. Activity B:
Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration
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ENERGY Physiology Function:worklive -grows(mitosis) -reproduce(meiosis+fertilization) -metabolism(photosynthesis and respiration) -inheritance(generation) Definition of Energy 2 Laws of Energy: 1.Conservation of Energy- energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed(1st law) *forms of energy: solar, potential, mechanical 2.Entropy- during the transformation of energy, some energy become disordered & becomes heat(2nd law) *heat: ?disordered energy? Coupled Reactions and Chemical Bonds *?coupled?: with partner *coupled reactions= redox reactions 1.Reduction- gains electrons -creates chemical bond -stores energy in molecule -Photosynthesis(anabolic) 2.Oxidation-loses electrons
What is a molecule?
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Molecule
Main article: Molecule
A molecule is the smallest indivisible portion of a pure chemical substance that has its unique set of chemical properties, that is, its potential to undergo a certain set of chemical reactions with other substances. Molecules can exist as electrically neutral units unlike ions. Molecules are typically a set of atoms bound together by covalent bonds, such that the structure is electrically neutral and all valence electrons are paired with other electrons either in bonds or in lone pairs.
Organic Chem Review
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Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding. Sigma and Pi Bonds: All single bonds are sigma(?), that occur in the overlap of hybridized orbitals. Pi (?) bonds occur when parallel, unhybridized p orbitals overlap. Double bonds contain one sigma and one pi bond; triple bonds contain one sigma and two pi bonds. ? bonds are weaker than the ? bonds, but because ? bonds are found with ? bonds they are stronger than a single ? bond. Pi bonds also prevent rotation about the bond. Hybridization: Blending of outer bonding orbitals Intermolecular Forces: London Dispersion - Weak intermolecular force, temporary attractive force that results when
enzymes objectives
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