Evolutionary biology

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function Membranes and membrane transport are fundamental to cellular life. The concepts in this chapter require integration of concepts from previous chapters: the nature of water and hydrophobic versus hydrophilic molecules, the properties of lipid molecules and their role in regulating membrane fluidity, and the roles of proteins and carbohydrates in membrane function. The concepts of ion transport and electrochemical gradients across membranes are important foundations for the following chapters on energy metabolism. Finally, the bulk transport phenomena have important clinical significance in the immune system, during invasion by pathogens, and in cell signaling. Multiple-Choice Questions

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules In Chapter 5, the principles of chemistry covered in earlier chapters are applied to the understanding of biological polymers and lipid membranes. The emphasis is on properly linking monomers and their polymers, and on the structural and functional diversity of the different polymer types. Particular attention is given to protein structure, because this is central to understanding subsequent chapters on metabolism, molecular biology, and molecular medicine. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Humans and mice differ because A) their cells have different small organic molecules. B) their cells make different types of large biological molecules.

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 3 Water and Life Life evolved in the ocean, and the chemistry of life occurs in an aqueous environment. These questions explore the properties of water that are important to sustain life?s chemical processes, organismal physiology, and interactions of organisms with their environment. Quantitative properties such as heat content, molarity, and pH are also addressed. A few questions address how human activities affect the global environment through acid rain and acidification of the ocean. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by A) hydrogen bonds. B) nonpolar covalent bonds. C) polar covalent bonds. D) ionic bonds. E) van der Waals interactions.

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life 1) A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a A) biosystem. B) community. C) population. D) ecosystem. E) family. Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1 2) Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight into A) the energy of motion. B) carbon dioxide and water. C) the potential energy of chemical bonds. D) oxygen. E) kinetic energy. Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1 3) The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is A) light energy. B) kinetic energy. C) thermal energy. D) chemical energy. E) ATP. Answer: A Topic: Concept 1.1