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From Gene to Protein

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Genetics
RNA
Gene expression
Protein biosynthesis
Molecular biology
Messenger RNA
Translation
Ribosome
Genetic code
Gene
Transcription
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Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein Concepts 17.5 ? 6 are not required knowledge from the AP Exam and are intentionally omitted. Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information the information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands the DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, gene expression, includes two stages: transcription and translation the ribosome is part of the cellular machinery for translation, polypeptide synthesis Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation Evidence from the Metabolic Defects

Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
microbiology
Virology
Bacteriophages
Molecular biology
Bacteriology
Transduction
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle
Virus
Prophage
Plasmid
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Chapter 18: Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria Concept 18.2 is not required knowledge for the AP Exam and has been intentionally omitted. Overview: Microbial Model Systems viruses called bacteriophages can infect and set in motion a genetic takeover of bacteria E. coli and its viruses are called model systems because of their frequent use by researches in studies that reveal broad biological principles beyond their value as model systems, viruses and bacteria have unique genetic mechanisms that are interesting in their own right bacteria are prokaryotes with cells much smaller and more simply organized than those of eukaryotes viruses are smaller and simpler still Concept 18.1: A virus has a genome but can reproduce only within a host cell

microbio slide

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Biology
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Biology
microbiology
Green algae
bacteria
Eukaryotes
Cell Biology
Tree of life
Protist
Unikont
Cyanobacteria
Algae
Plasmodium
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ESTIMATING SIZE OF OBJECTS AND MAKING A WET MOUNT Oscillatoria, 10X Oscillatoria, 20X Oscillatoria, 40X Nucleus A cyanobacterium; prokaryote; photosynthetic; contains chlorophyll and a blue pigment, phycocyanin; long unbranched filaments of cells; no flagella, but can move by means of a sliding motion. Wet Mount. Human cheek cell smear, stained with methylene blue. BACTERIA Cyanobacteria, Nostoc, 40X Cyanobacteria, Gloecapsa, 40X

Campbell Biology Chapter 12 Outline

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
mitosis
Kinetochore
Cell growth
Spindle apparatus
Prometaphase
Aster
Cohesin
Chromosome
Metaphase
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Mica Piro Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Most Cell Division Results in Genetically Identical Daughter Cells (12.1) Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material A cell?s endowment of DNA, its genetic information, is called its genome A prokaryotic genome is often a single DNA molecule Eukaryotic genomes usually consist of a number of DNA molecules All of this DNA has to be copied, or replicated, before the cell can divide to form genetically identical daughter cells, and then the 2 copies must be separated so that each daughter cell ends up with a complete genome The replication and distribution of so much DNA is manageable because the DNA molecules are packaged into structures called chromosomes, because they take up certain dyes used in microscopy

Campbell Biology Chapter 11 Outline

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Cell Signaling
Signal transduction
Cell Biology
Membrane biology
Integral membrane proteins
Cell surface receptor
Hormone
G protein-coupled receptor
G protein
Receptor
Second messenger system
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Mica Piro Chapter 11: Cell Communication External Signals are Converted to Responses Within the Cell (11.1) Evolution of Cell Signaling One topic of sell ?conversation? is sex?a type of yeast cell identify their mates by chemical signaling 2 sexes: a and ? Each type secretes a specific factor that binds to receptors only on the other type of cell When exposed to each other?s mating actors, a pair of cells of opposite type change shape, grow toward each other, and fuse/matethe new a/? cell contains all the genes of both original cells Once received by the yeast cell surface receptor, a mating signal is changed, or transduced, into a form that brings about the response of mating, which occurs in a series of steps called a signal transduction pathway

Campbell Biology Chapter 7 Outline

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Membrane biology
Cell membrane
Lipid bilayer
Membrane transport
Membrane protein
Semipermeable membrane
Biological membrane
Facilitated diffusion
Carrier protein
Passive transport
Osmosis
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Mica Piro Chapter 7: Membrane Structure & Function Selective permeability: the plasma membrane allows some substances to cross it more easily than others Cellular Membranes are Fluid Mosaics of Lipids and Proteins (7.1) The ability of phospholipids to form membranes is inherent in their molecular structure?a phospholipid is an amphipathic molecule (has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region) A phospholipid bilayer can exist as a stable boundary between 2 aqueous compartments because the molecular arrangement shelters the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids from water while exposing the hydrophilic heads to the water Most membrane proteins are amphipathic

Campbell Biology Chapter 6 Outline

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
organelles
Cell Biology
Membrane biology
microbiology
Plant Anatomy
cell
Endomembrane system
Eukaryote
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Vesicle
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Mica Piro Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Biologists Use Microscopes and the Tools of Biochemistry to Study Cells (6.1) Microscopy Microscopes first used by Renaissance scientists are all light microscopes (LM) Visible light passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses Lenses refract/bend the light so the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye or into a camera Magnification: ratio of an object?s image size to its real size LMs can magnify about 1,000 times the actual size Higher magnification = less detailed image Resolution: a measure of the clarity of the image?minimum distance 2 points can be separated and still be distinguished as separate points Contrast: the difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of an image

Campbell Biology Chapter 35 Outline

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Plant Anatomy
anatomy
Botany
Plant physiology
Tissues
Vascular cambium
Meristem
Vascular tissue
Secondary growth
plant cell
Bark
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Mica Piro Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, & Development Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells (35.1) An organ consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions A tissue is a group of cells, consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function Vegetative growth (production of leaves, stems, and roots) is only one stage in a plant?s life Most plants undergo growth relating to sexual reproduction In angiosperms, reproductive growth is associated with the production of flowers The 3 Basic Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves

AP Biology Chapter 12 Reading Guide

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
Kinetochore
mitosis
Meiosis
Spindle apparatus
Cytokinesis
Interphase
Cyclin
Aster
G2 phase
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AP Biology Name _________________________ Chapter 12 Guided Reading Compare and contrast the role of cell division in unicellular and multicellular organisms. ??? Define the following terms: Genome? Chromosomes? Somatic cells? Gametes? Chromatin? Sister chromatids? Centromere? Mitosis? Cytokinesis? Meiosis? List the activities of the cell cycle: Mitotic phase? Interphase? G1 phase? G2 phase? S phase? Define the following terms: Mitotic spindle? Centrosome? Microtubule organizing center? Aster? Kinetochore? Label below:?? Label the diagram below (phases, structures, etc):?????????????? Contrast cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.??? Define binary fission and label the diagram below:?????? Discuss the hypothetical evolution of mitosis.?????

Posture and Potential

Subject: 
Biology
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Medicine
Ergonomics
health
Poor posture
Posture
Kyphosis
exercise
Spinal cord
Neutral spine

Posture and Potential Paul Chek What is posture??The word?posture?is commonly used by teaching and playing pros. The implication being that good posture is something to aspire to. Yet interestingly, the books written by top players and teaching pros are littered with examples of poor posture, often in pictures of high level players posing as models. Watch a tournament on TV and it will only take a few seconds to find a top player with forward head posture, increased thoracic kyphosis (middle back curvature) and either flattened or excessive lumbar curvatures (Figure 1A & B). ?????????????????????????? ????????????Figure 1-A???????????????????????????????????????????Figure 1-B Poor posture - forward head posture,????????????? ?Good Posture increased thoracic kyphosis

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