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Chemistry

Prentice Hall AP Chem. Chapter 1 notes

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Chemistry
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Chapter 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO ? 2006, Prentice Hall Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Chemistry: The study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Scientific Method: A systematic approach to solving problems. Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Each element is made of the same kind of atom. Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Each element is made of the same kind of atom. A compound is made of two or more different kinds of elements. States of Matter Classification of Matter

Alkanes

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Alkanes
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Fuel gas
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Functional Groups
Pentane
Propane
Cycloalkane
Cyclopropane
Butane
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chem lab

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ISU TOPIC: ALKANES Submitted to: Mr. Ram Submitted by: Patrick Do Course Code: SCH4U1 - 02 Date: Thursday February 14, 2013 Alkanes have no functional groups. They are essentially made up of carbon and hydrogen bonded together through single bonds. Alkanes can appear as alkyl groups. The general structure of an alkane is CnH2n+2. a) Straight chain alkanes: Number of Carbons Name of Compound Condensed Formula 1 Methane CH4 2 Ethane CH3 - CH3 3 Propane CH3 - CH2 - CH3 4 Butane CH3 - CH3 - CH3 - CH3 5 Pentane CH3 - CH3 - CH3 - CH3 - CH3 b) Branched alkanes: Number of Carbons Name of Compound Condensed Formula 4 Isobutane (2-methyl propane) CH3 | CH3 - CH - CH3 5 Isopentane

Chapter 18 Powerpoint

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Sulfur dioxide
Environment

Chapter 18: Chemistry of the Environment Priyal Patel AP Chemistry 0pd 18.1 Earth?s Atmosphere Temperature varied due to altitude Decreases with increasing altitude Layer of atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Composition of the Atmosphere Not uniform Bombarded with radiation and energetic particles Lighter atoms rise to top N2 triple bond for between Nitrogen atoms O2 Much more reactive Reacts to form oxides 18.2 The Outer Regions of the Atmosphere Outer portion of atmosphere is important in determining conditions of life Upper layer forms outer defense against radiation and high-energy particles Photodissociation Rupture of a chemical bond resulting form absorption of a photon by a molecule Does not form ions Forms two neutral particles

Chapter 16 Powerpoint

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Acids
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Bases
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Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
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Lewis acids and bases
education

Acid-Base Equilibria Priyal Patel 0 period 16.1 Acids and Bases: A Brief Review Acids have a sour taste and cause certain dyes to change color Sour taste Linked to H+ ions Bases are bitter and feel slippery Bitter taste Feel slippery Linked to OH- ions When acids and bases are mixed in certain proportions, their characteristics disappear altogether 16.2 Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Danish Chemist Johannes Bronsted and English chemist Thomas Lowry proposed a definition of acids and bases Based on the fact that acid-base reactions involve the transfer of H+ ions from one substance to another. The H+ Ion in Water An H+ is a proton with no surrounding valence electrons This proton bonds interacts with nonbonding electrons of water molecules to form hydrated hydrogen ions.

AP Bio Chapter 3 notes

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Inorganic solvents
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water
Hydrogen
Chemical bond
Chemical polarity
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Chapter 3 ? Water & Fitness of the Environment Effect of Water?s Polarity Polarity of water causes hydrogen bonding Water is made up of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen; held together by 1 covalent bond Oxygen is slightly negative and hydrogen is slightly positive ?> polarity Polarity causes hydrogen to be attracted to other oxygen molecules, creating hydrogen bonds; each molecule can be connected to 4 other molecules 4 properties of water Water?s cohesion Stabilization of temperature Expansion upon freezing Versatility as a solvent Cohesion of water molecules Hydrogen bonds keep water molecules sticking together - hydrogen bonds are very weak; they form and reform with great frequency Cohesion: the process in which hydrogen bonds hold the substances together

Chapter 2 power points. Campbell Biology, 9th edition

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Biology
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Rubiaceae
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Duroia
Ant
Jane Reece
Neil Campbell
Formic acid
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Health
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Quantum chemistry
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Atomic physics
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Chemical bond
Valence electron
Lewis structure
ion
Orbital hybridisation
Covalent bond
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Campbell Biology 9th edition
chapter 2
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Camobell Bio 9th Edition

? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick The Chemical Context of Life Chapter 2 Overview: A Chemical Connection to Biology ? Biology is a multidisciplinary science ? Living organisms are subject to basic laws of physics and chemistry ? One example is the use of formic acid by ants to maintain ?devil?s gardens,? stands of Duroia trees ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.2 Duroia tree Devil?s garden Cedrela sapling Inside, unprotected Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, protected Outside, unprotected EXPERIMENT

Chapter 13 Guided Reading

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Environmental Science
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Guided Reading

Name: Period: Chapter 13 Guided Reading AP Environmental Science ? Mr. Oliphant & Mr. O?Connor (with many questions taken from R. Young ? Kennedy HS) Briefly describe earth's water supply. Compare amounts of salt water and fresh water. Compare amounts of frozen fresh water and water available for human use.

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 5 Outline

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Biochemistry
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Nucleic acid
DNA, RNA and proteins: The three essential macromolecules of life
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Biomolecule
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The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Outline

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Outline The Molecules of Life Macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids Architecture of a large biological molecule helps explain how that molecule works Macromolecules are Polymers, Built from Monomers Polymer: A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, much as a train consists of a chain of cars Monomers: The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers Enzymes: Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions Dehyrdration Reaction: Two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 4 Outline

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Biology
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Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Outline Carbon: The Backbone of Life Organisms are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon Carbon comes into the atmosphere through the action of plants: plants use solar energy to transform CO2 Carbon forms molecules that are large, complex, and varied Organic Chemistry is the Study of Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry: The branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds Overall percentages of the major elements of life are quite uniform from one organism to the next Chemists learned to make many simple compounds in the lab by combining elements under the right conditions by the 1800s Vitalism: The belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws

Photosynthesis Notes

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Calvin cycle

Photosynthesis Wednesday, March 06, 2013 11:00 PM ? Photosynthesis Photosynthesis - the process of converting energy in sunlight to energy in chemical bonds, especially glucose 6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Begins with light-absorbing pigments in plant cells A pigment molecule is able to absorb energy from light only within a narrow range of wavelengths In order to absorb as much of the entire bandwidth from sunlight as possible, different pigments, capable of absorbing different wavelengths, act together to optimize energy absorption These pigments include the green chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and the carotenoids, which are red, orange, or yellow

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