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Chemistry

AP Bio Chapter 3 notes

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Chapter 3 ? Water & Fitness of the Environment Effect of Water?s Polarity Polarity of water causes hydrogen bonding Water is made up of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen; held together by 1 covalent bond Oxygen is slightly negative and hydrogen is slightly positive ?> polarity Polarity causes hydrogen to be attracted to other oxygen molecules, creating hydrogen bonds; each molecule can be connected to 4 other molecules 4 properties of water Water?s cohesion Stabilization of temperature Expansion upon freezing Versatility as a solvent Cohesion of water molecules Hydrogen bonds keep water molecules sticking together - hydrogen bonds are very weak; they form and reform with great frequency Cohesion: the process in which hydrogen bonds hold the substances together

Chapter 2 power points. Campbell Biology, 9th edition

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Chemistry
Behavior
Rubiaceae
Symbiosis
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Evolutionary biology
Duroia
Ant
Jane Reece
Neil Campbell
Formic acid
Biology
Health
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Chemistry
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Quantum chemistry
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Atomic physics
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Lewis structure
ion
Orbital hybridisation
Covalent bond
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education
Campbell Biology 9th edition
chapter 2
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Camobell Bio 9th Edition

? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick The Chemical Context of Life Chapter 2 Overview: A Chemical Connection to Biology ? Biology is a multidisciplinary science ? Living organisms are subject to basic laws of physics and chemistry ? One example is the use of formic acid by ants to maintain ?devil?s gardens,? stands of Duroia trees ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.2 Duroia tree Devil?s garden Cedrela sapling Inside, unprotected Inside, protected Insect barrier Outside, protected Outside, unprotected EXPERIMENT

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 5 Outline

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Chemistry
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DNA, RNA and proteins: The three essential macromolecules of life
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nutrition
Carbohydrate chemistry
biochemistry
molecules
Excipients
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Biomolecule
Carbohydrate
Polysaccharide
Hydrolysis
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health
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Outline

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Outline The Molecules of Life Macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids Architecture of a large biological molecule helps explain how that molecule works Macromolecules are Polymers, Built from Monomers Polymer: A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, much as a train consists of a chain of cars Monomers: The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers Enzymes: Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions Dehyrdration Reaction: Two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 4 Outline

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organic chemistry
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molecule
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Hydrogen
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Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Outline Carbon: The Backbone of Life Organisms are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon Carbon comes into the atmosphere through the action of plants: plants use solar energy to transform CO2 Carbon forms molecules that are large, complex, and varied Organic Chemistry is the Study of Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry: The branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds Overall percentages of the major elements of life are quite uniform from one organism to the next Chemists learned to make many simple compounds in the lab by combining elements under the right conditions by the 1800s Vitalism: The belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws

Photosynthesis Notes

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Pigments
Photosynthetic pigments
Biological pigment
Oxygen
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Chlorophyll a
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Photophosphorylation
Photorespiration
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RuBisCO
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Calvin cycle

Photosynthesis Wednesday, March 06, 2013 11:00 PM ? Photosynthesis Photosynthesis - the process of converting energy in sunlight to energy in chemical bonds, especially glucose 6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Begins with light-absorbing pigments in plant cells A pigment molecule is able to absorb energy from light only within a narrow range of wavelengths In order to absorb as much of the entire bandwidth from sunlight as possible, different pigments, capable of absorbing different wavelengths, act together to optimize energy absorption These pigments include the green chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and the carotenoids, which are red, orange, or yellow

Cellular Respiration Notes

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Citric acid cycle
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
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mitochondrion
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Cellular Respiration Wednesday, March 06, 2013 5:23 PM ? Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration - an ATP-generating process that occurs within cells; energy is extracted from energy-rich glucose to form ATP from ADP and phosphate C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Glucose + air = carbon dioxide + water + energy Aerobic respiration - cellular respiration in the presence of O2; divided into three components: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation ? Glycolysis Glycolysis - the decomposition (lysis) of glucose (glyco) to pyruvate (or pyruvic acid); nine intermediate products are formed and, of course, each one is catalyzed by an enzyme; in six of the steps, magnesium ions are cofactors that promote enzyme activity; summary of the steps:

Campbell Biology Chapter 3 outline

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Bases
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Hydrogen
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#AP Bio #CampbellBiology #Chapter 3 #Outline

CHAPTER 3 ? WATER AND LIFE THE MOLECUES THAT SUPPORT ALL OF LIFE Water is the only natural substance to exist in all 3 states of matter: Solid Liquid Gas WATER molecule is a polar molecule It has a positive and a negative end It can make up to 4 Hydrogen bonds that break and reform instantaneously. 4 Emergent properties of water COHESION The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. Water sticks to itself Adhesion- water sticks to something else Surface Tension ? A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules MODERATION OF TEMPERATURE BY WATER HEAT AND TEMPERATURE Kinetic Energy ?

Campbell Biology Chapter 2 outline

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Physics
Nuclear physics
Baryons
Chemistry
Subatomic particles
Nuclear chemistry
Atomic nucleus
Electron
Neutron
Matter
Periodic table
Chemical element
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electron
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ion
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Proton
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#AP Bio #CampbellBiology #Chapter 2 #Outline

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES Proton ? 1 positive charge (P+) Neutron ? no charge (N0) Electron ? 1 negative charge (E+) Nucleus An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons. Electrons move around the nucleus Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Elements Substance that cannot be broken down by a chemical reaction 92 occur naturally 25 of which are essential for life Bulk elements Required by the body in large amounts C N H O (make up 96% of the body) Trace elements Required by the body in small amounts Ultra trace elements Required by the body in minute amounts Atoms Smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of an element Weight Add proton and neutrons together for weight of nucleus Every proton and neutron weights one Dalton

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Ozone depletion
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Ultraviolet
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Ozone layer
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Atomic mass
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Gone With the Wind

Michael Treacy 3/3/2010 Pd. 3 Ozone Hole @ TD 1. What is the Ozone and why do we need it in our atmosphere to have a healthier planet? The Ozone is the Gas O3. This gas is located in the Stratosphere and absorbs UV Rays. We need the ozone in our atmosphere because it absorbs 98% of the UV Rays. Without the ozone to filter all these UV Rays many animals would have medical / health problems. 2. Describe how the ozone protects us. The ozone protects us by filtering out and absorbing most of the UV Rays before they reach the earth. Most of the Rays are biologically harmful and know to damage tissues and cells. 3. How is a chlorine atom harmful to the ozone in the stratosphere?

AP Environmental Science Miller 17th Edition Ch.3 Cycles

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Miller
APES ch.3
cycles

APES CH.3 CYCLES Biogeochemical/nutrient cycles- the elements and compounds that make up nutrients move continually through air, water, soil, rock, and living organisms within ecosystems as well as in the biosphere. Driven directly/indirectly by solar energy and gravity are the hydrologic, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles.

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